Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
CAS: 108-90-7
Molecular Formula: C6H5Cl
Chlorobenzene - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Chlorobenzene |
| Synonyms | MCB U.N. 1134 PHENYL CHLORIDE MONOCHLOROBENZENE Mono Chloro Benzene Chlorobenzene, Reagent CHLOROBENZENE extrapure CHLOROBENZENE extrapure AR |
| CAS | 108-90-7 |
| EINECS | 203-628-5 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C6H6.ClH/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;/h1-6H;1H/p-1 |
Chlorobenzene - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C6H5Cl |
| Molar Mass | 112.56 |
| Density | 1.106 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Melting Point | -45 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 132 °C (lit.) |
| Flash Point | 75°F |
| Water Solubility | 0.4 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Solubility | water: soluble0.207 g/L at 20°C |
| Vapor Presure | 11.8 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| Vapor Density | 3.86 (vs air) |
| Appearance | Liquid |
| Color | APHA: ≤30 |
| Odor | Almond like odour |
| Exposure Limit | TLV-TWA 75 ppm (～345 mg/m3) (ACGIH,MSHA, OSHA, and NIOSH); IDLH2400 ppm. |
| Maximum wavelength(λmax) | ['λ: 288 nm Amax: 1.0', , 'λ: 290 nm Amax: 0.40', , 'λ: 300 nm Amax: 0.05', , 'λ: 325 |
| Merck | 14,2121 |
| BRN | 605632 |
| Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents. Flammable. Attacks some types of plastics, rubber and coatings. |
| Explosive Limit | 1.3-11%(V) |
| Refractive Index | n20/D 1.524(lit.) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | characteristics of colorless transparent, volatile liquid, almond flavor. |
| Use | Used as dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organic synthesis intermediates and solvents |
Chlorobenzene - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R10 - Flammable R20 - Harmful by inhalation R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R39/23/24/25 - R23/24/25 - Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R11 - Highly Flammable |
| Safety Description | S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S7 - Keep container tightly closed. |
| UN IDs | UN 1134 3/PG 3 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | CZ0175000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3-10 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29039190 |
| Hazard Class | 3 |
| Packing Group | III |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 2000 - 4000 mg/kg |
Chlorobenzene - Upstream Downstream Industry
Chlorobenzene - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
colorless, transparent, volatile liquid with almond flavor. The relative density was 1. 1004; 0995; (d20)1. 1058. Boiling point 132.2 °c. Freezing point -45.6 °c. Refractive index (,zo) 5248. Flash point 28 °c. Spontaneous ignition point was 637. 78 ℃. Flammable. The explosion limit in air is 1_ 83% ~ 9.23% (volume). Soluble in most organic solvents, insoluble in water.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
Chlorobenzene - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
obtained by benzene chlorination, the process of gas phase method and liquid phase method two.
- liquid phase chlorination of benzene benzene and chlorine gas are continuously chlorinated under the catalysis of ferric chloride to obtain a chlorinated liquid, which is washed with water, alkali-washed, neutralized, and dried with salt. The liquid is discharged into an initial distillation column to remove benzene and tar. The crude chlorobenzene enters into the rectification column, and the finished monochlorobenzene is distilled out from the top of the column, and the materials in the column are separated into monochlorobenzene by passing through a rectification column. The hydrogen chloride released by the reaction is absorbed with water, and hydrochloric acid is by-produced. The p-dichlorobenzene and O-dichlorobenzene are recovered from the polychlorobenzene.
- benzene gas phase oxychlorination the mixture of benzene vapor, air and hydrogen chloride gas, having a temperature of 210 ° C., is introduced into a chlorination reactor, and the chlorination is carried out in the presence of a deacon-type catalyst (CuCl2, FeCl3 attached to alumina trihydrate). The reaction temperature was 300 ° C., the single-pass conversion rate was 10% to 1 s%, the hydrogen chloride conversion rate was 98%, and the product contained polychlorobenzene 6%.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:40:26
Chlorobenzene - Use
Open Data Verified Data
Chlorobenzene is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and organic compounds. It is used in the manufacture of phenol, nitrochlorobenzene, aniline and insecticide DDT, and also used in the preparation of solvents and rubber additives, paints, fast drying inks and dry cleaning agents.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:40:25
Chlorobenzene - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
- This product has moderate toxicity, skin and mucous membrane and upper respiratory tract irritation. Inhibits the central nervous system, has an anesthetic effect. Have adverse effects on the liver, kidneys and hematopoietic system. Chronic poisoning caused by Head Pain, dizziness, lack of energy, indigestion and other symptoms. Rat oral LD50 2910mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 350mg/m3.
- prevention and control methods: stop running, taking, dripping and leaking. Enhanced field ventilation and exhaust. The operator shall wear protective equipment to avoid direct contact with the human body. If there is contact, the operator shall wash with a large amount of water.
- packed with a tank car or iron drum. This product is a liquid flammable material, stored in the no-fire zone, isolated from the fire source. Prevent sun exposure or storage at high temperatures.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:40:26
Chlorobenzene - Reference Information
| relative polarity | 0.188 |
| freezing point | -45.6 ℃ |
| Henry's Law Constant | 1.11, 1.54, 1.81, 2.80, and 3.79 at 2.0, 6.0, 10.0, 18.0, and 25.0 °C, respectively (EPICS-SPME,Dewulf et al., 1999)(x 10-3 atm?m3/mol) |
| LogP | 3 at 20℃ |
| NIST chemical information | Information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical information | Information provided by: ofmpub.epa.gov (external link) |
| introduction | chlorobenzene, also known as chlorobenzene, is a colorless and transparent liquid. There is volatility. It smells of benzene and is slightly anesthetic. This product and air can form an explosive mixture with an explosive limit of 1.83% ~ 9.23% (volume fraction). The chlorine atoms in this product can be hydrolyzed to prepare phenol. If hydrolyzed in ammonia solution, aniline can be prepared. |
| application | chlorobenzene can be used as an intermediate in dye, medicine, pesticide and organic synthesis. It can also be used to make phenol, nitrochlorobenzene, aniline and pesticide DDT, as well as solvents and rubber additives, paints, quick-drying inks and dry cleaning agents. |
| Uses | Used as analytical reagents and organic solvents, and also used in organic synthesis Chlorobenzene is used to produce pesticide varieties trichloroacillone, DDT, etc., It is also used to synthesize dyes, medicines and other organic chemical products. It is also used as a solvent for ethyl cellulose and many resins and to produce a variety of intermediates, such as p-dichlorobenzene, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, nitrophenol, etc. solvent, manufacturing phenol, aniline, DDT, dye, etc., heat transfer medium. |
| Production method | Chlorobenzene is directly chlorinated from benzene. This is the first industrial production method in the UK in 1909 and has been used today. There are two kinds of chlorination process: gas phase method and liquid phase method. The reaction temperature of gas phase method is 400~500 ℃, and the cost is higher than that of liquid phase method, so it has been eliminated. There are batch method and continuous method in liquid phase method. (1) The dry benzene is loaded into a chlorination reactor by a batch method, and then iron filings equivalent to 1% of the benzene amount are added as a catalyst. The chlorine gas is added at a speed that can maintain the reaction temperature at 40-60°C. Excessive temperature is beneficial to the production of polychlorinated benzene. Chlorine bubbled into benzene until the relative density of the feed liquid reached 1.280(15 ℃). The hydrogen chloride released by the reaction is washed with benzene or chlorobenzene to remove organic droplets, and then absorbed with water to obtain hydrochloric acid. Chloride material is neutralized with 10% sodium hydroxide, dried and distilled to obtain the following fractions (calculated as 100% chlorinated material): benzene and water (3%), benzene and chlorobenzene (10%), the two fractions return to the system; Chlorobenzene (75%) as a product; Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene (10%), high boiling matter (2%), this two fraction is used to separate ortho-and p-dichlorobenzene. The composition of chlorinated products depends on the chlorination temperature, chlorination rate, chlorination depth and catalyst used. The composition of general chlorinated products is chlorobenzene 80%, p-dichlorobenzene 15%, o-dichlorobenzene and polychlorobenzene 5%. (2) Continuous chlorination is carried out at the boiling temperature of benzene. The chlorinator is equipped with a catalyst (iron filings or anhydrous ferric chloride), and the reaction heat is carried out by gasification of benzene and a small amount of chlorobenzene. After the dry benzene is measured by the rotameter, it is added to the bottom of the chlorinator, and the measured dry chlorine gas flows into the chlorinator to react. The HCl of the reaction by-product and some benzene and chlorobenzene vapor are condensed by a graphite condenser, and then sprayed and absorbed by crude chlorobenzene in an absorption tower. When the absorption solution contains benzene up to 32% ~ 36%, it is mixed with acidic chlorination solution to neutralize the process, and the gas is absorbed into 31% by-product hydrochloric acid. The acidic chlorination solution flowing out of the chlorinator is washed with water, neutralized with lye to remove the residual acid and ferric chloride, and then passed through the salt dryer, preheated to a certain temperature, then added to the crude distillation tower, and removed from the top of the tower Benzene. The crude chlorobenzene of the tower kettle is continuously added to the rectification tower to obtain chlorobenzene from the top of the tower, and the residual liquid of the tower kettle is intermittently released to recover the dichlorobenzene. It is obtained by chlorination of benzene, and its process is divided into gas phase method and liquid phase method. 1. Benzene liquid phase chlorination method Benzene and chlorine gas are continuously chlorinated under the catalysis of ferric chloride to obtain chlorination solution. After water washing, alkali washing, neutralization, salt drying, it enters the primary distillation tower to remove benzene and tar. Crude chlorobenzene into the distillation column, the top of the column distillates a chlorobenzene finished product, the tower kettle material and then through a distillation column to separate the chlorobenzene. The hydrogen chloride released by the reaction is absorbed with water, and the by-product hydrochloric acid and polychlorobenzene are recovered to obtain p-dichlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene. 2. Benzene gas phase oxychlorination Benzene vapor, air, hydrogen chloride gas mixture temperature 210 ℃, into the chlorination reactor, in the presence of Deacon type catalyst (CuCl2 FeCl3 attached to aluminum oxide) chlorination. The reaction temperature is 300 ℃, the one-way conversion rate is 10%-15%, the conversion rate of hydrogen chloride is 98%, and the product contains 6% polychlorobenzene. |
| category | flammable liquid |
| toxicity classification | poisoning |
| acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 1100 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 2300 mg/kg |
| explosive hazard characteristics | when mixed with air and heated, open flame can explode |
| flammability hazard characteristics | flammability in case of open flame, high temperature and oxidant; toxic chloride smoke produced by combustion |
| storage and transportation characteristics | warehouse ventilation and low temperature drying; separate from oxidant |
| fire extinguishing agent | dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam, 1211 fire extinguishing agent |
| occupational standard | TWA 350 mg/m3; STEL 525 mg/m3 |
| spontaneous combustion temperature | 590°C |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life-threatening and health concentration | 1,000 ppm |
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:11:58
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Raw Materials for Chlorobenzene
Downstream Products for Chlorobenzene