CHOLINE DICHLORIDE
Chlormequat chloride
CAS: 999-81-5
Molecular Formula: C5H13Cl2N
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Chlormequat chloride |
| Synonyms | CECECE Cycocel CHLORMEQUAT ATLAS QUINTACEL CHOLINE DICHLORIDE Chlormequat chloride CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE CHLOROCHOLINE CHLORIDE 2-Chloroethyl-trimethyl ammonium 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium (2-CHLORETHYL)TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE (2-CHLOROETHYL)TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride 2-chloro-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride |
| CAS | 999-81-5 |
| EINECS | 213-666-4 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C5H13ClNO.ClH/c1-7(2,3)4-5(6)8;/h5,8H,4H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 |
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C5H13Cl2N |
| Molar Mass | 158.07 |
| Density | 1.2228 (rough estimate) |
| Melting Point | 239-243°C (dec.)(lit.) |
| Boling Point | 260.3°C (rough estimate) |
| Water Solubility | almost transparency |
| Solubility | DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly) |
| Appearance | Crystalline Powder or Crystals |
| Color | White to off-white |
| Merck | 14,2104 |
| BRN | 3563994 |
| Storage Condition | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature |
| Stability | Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Corrodes many metals. Very hygroscopic. |
| Sensitive | Hygroscopic |
| Refractive Index | 1.5500 (estimate) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | description: also known as rice and wheat stand. The scientific name is 2-chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. The pure product is white crystals. Fishy smell. Melting Point: 240-241 ℃. Decomposition began at 245 °c. Very soluble in water and deliquescence. Insoluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, xylene. Slightly soluble in dichloroethane, isopropanol. Generally prepared into an aqueous solution. |
| Use | . For cotton, wheat, rice, corn, tobacco, tomato, fruit and root crops, lodging resistance, promote crop growth, about 10% to 30%, potato tubers can also be enlarged. Can be used for saline alkali and slightly acidic soil. |
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Risk and Safety
| Hazard Symbols | Xn - Harmful |
| Risk Codes | 21/22 - Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
| Safety Description | 36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. |
| UN IDs | UN 2811 6.1/PG 3 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | BP5250000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3-10 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29239000 |
| Hazard Class | 6.1 |
| Packing Group | III |
| Toxicity | LD50 in mice (mg/kg): 7 i.v., 54 orally (Hennighausen, Wiegershausen) |
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
The Pure product is a white crystalline solid with a fishy odor. mp245 °c (decomposition). Soluble in water, slightly soluble in isopropanol, dichloroethane, difficult to dissolve in benzene, toluene, xylene, ether, ethanol. Easy to absorb moisture. Chemical stability. Stable in neutral or slightly acidic medium, in alkaline medium plus thermal decomposition.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
obtained from the reaction of trimethylamine and dichloroethane at a certain temperature and pressure.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:13:17
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Use
Open Data Verified Data
plant growth regulators. After use, it can lead to thick stems, shortening of internodes, shortening of plants, developed roots, widening and thickening of leaves, dark green leaves, and no malformation of flowers, leaves and later growth. To improve the plant resistance to disease and insect resistance, can make wheat, cotton, rice lodging resistance, wheat resistance to salt and alkali, can increase the potato tuber, cotton increase, so that the cotton yield. Chlormequat can be used for most food and economic crops, vegetables, such as corn, rice, tobacco, potato, tomato, have a good effect on increasing production.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:13:18
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
mice were injected intravenously with LD50: 7mg/k · g and mice were injected orally with LD50:54mg/kg.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:13:18
CHOLINE DICHLORIDE - Reference Information
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| plant growth regulator | plant growth regulator can regulate plant growth, flowering, dormancy, germination and other processes of some non-nutritive chemical compounds, including synthetic physiological activity of plant hormone-like compounds, such as indole butyric acid, naphthalene acetic acid, 2,4-D, ethephon, kinetin, etc., there are a variety of non hormone type chemical substances, such as chlormequat, fresh pigment, plastic pigment, regulating phosphine and so on. Applying a small amount of growth regulator from the outside can effectively control the growth and development of plants and increase the yield of crops. It has been widely used in agriculture and horticulture. Chlormequat is a kind of quaternary ammonium salt plant growth regulator which is widely used in our country at present, also known as chlorocholine chloride, West West, rice and wheat, chlorocholine chloride, chemical name is 2-chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, CCC for short, in 1957 by the United States cyanamide company for the first time developed successfully, China in 1964 by the Shanghai pesticide successfully synthesized, pure white crystalline solid, fishy smell, melting point of 240~245 ℃, strong hygroscopicity, soluble in water, ethanol, acetone, slightly soluble in dichloroethane and isopropanol, insoluble in benzene, xylene, ether, stable in neutral or acidic medium, but in case of alkali decomposition. Low toxicity. The oral LD50 of raw powder male rats was 883 mg/kg, the non-active dose was 1000 mg/kg, and the percutaneous LD50 was 4000 mg/kg. Chlormequat can be absorbed through the leaves, shoots, buds and roots of plants, and then transferred to the site of action, the main role is to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellin, Its mechanism of action is to inhibit the production of kauriene by copalyl pyrophosphate, resulting in the inhibition of endogenous gibberellin biosynthesis. Its physiological function is to control the plant growth, promote reproductive growth, shorten the nodes, plant growth is short, strong, thick, Root developed, lodging resistance, and leaf color deepening, leaf thickening, chlorophyll content increased, photosynthesis enhanced, so as to improve the fruit set rate of some crops, but also to improve the quality of some crop fruits, seeds, increased yield, but also to improve the drought resistance of some crops, cold resistance and resistance to diseases and insect pests. Chlormequat is an excellent plant growth regulator, suitable for cotton, wheat, corn, rice, tobacco, tomato, tomato and various root crops. The plant can be made shorter, the stem and stem become thicker, the leaf color becomes green, and the crop is prevented from overgrowth and lodging, so that the crop is tolerant to drought, waterlogging and salt and alkali. Mild toxicity to humans and animals. Special attention should be paid to chlormequat not used in combination with alkaline pesticides. Its aqueous solution is stable, corrosive to metals, and can be stored in glass, high-density plastic, rubber or metal containers coated with epoxy resin. Can be rapidly degraded by soil microorganisms. |
| application field | in many countries of Western Europe, chlormequat (CCC) has been widely used in wheat crops to reduce the plant type of wheat, the basal internodes were shortened, the stalks were thick and strong, and the lodging resistance was enhanced, which could prevent the overgrowth and lodging caused by excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer and excessive rainfall in the late growth period. Generally in the wheat jointing stage with 1500~3000 mg/kg chlormequat solution spray in the overgrowth of wheat fields, can prevent lodging, to achieve the purpose of increasing yield. Under the condition of sufficient water and fertilizer, the branches and leaves of cotton are easy to grow freely. Spraying 50-100 mg/kg chlormequat at the beginning of flowering or flowering period can inhibit or delay the growth of cotton plants, prevent premature depression and closure of cotton fields, facilitate ventilation and light transmission in the field, thereby reducing the fall-off of buds and bolls, increase lint yield. Peanut in the initial pod with 500~1000 mg/kg adjustment of phosphine solution spraying leaves, can prevent peanut growth and control late flowering, and prevent premature aging, promote peanut yield increase, increase oil content. Citrus has a habit of shooting many times a year, in order to control the growth of summer shoots, in the summer shoots with 250~750 mg/kg adjustment phosphine solution spray, so that the incidence of summer shoots is greatly reduced, The fruit-coloring rate was increased and the yield was increased. B9 (bijiu) can effectively inhibit the growth of Apple shoots, promote dwarf crown, prevent fruit shedding, improve fruit quality and extend the storage period. Spray the concentration of 1000~3000 mg/kg B9 solution for 2~3 times in 3 weeks after flowering, with an interval of 20~30 days, the inhibition of the new shoots and other effects were more effective. The dwarf of potted flowers can make the shape compact, the flowering parts are concentrated, and the ornamental value is increased. Such as rhododendron, chrysanthemum, begonia, geranium, poinsettia, etc. can be selected with different growth retardants for chemical treatment. The chrysanthemum was sprayed with B9 at a concentration of 1000-5000 mg/kg. Poinsettia available 3000 mg/kg chlormequat as soil irrigation fluid. Short-chain fatty acids (C8-C10) and di-cegulanic acid sodium are excellent chemical sharpening agents, which can be used in potted azalea and other ornamental plants. |
| Usage | chlormequat is an antagonist of gibberellin, which can enter the plant through young shoots, buds, roots and seeds, the mechanism of action is to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellin in the plant body, the main function is to inhibit the formation of the shell, resulting in the inhibition of endogenous gibberellin biosynthesis, its physiological function is to control the growth of the plant, promote reproductive growth, shorten the plant internodes, grow short, strong, thick, Root developed, lodging resistance, while deepening the color of leaves, leaf thickening, increased chlorophyll content, enhanced photosynthesis, increase the fruit percentage of some crops, improve the quality and increase the yield. Suitable for cotton, wheat, corn, rice, fruit, tobacco, tomato and a variety of root crops. (1) the use of chlormequat in cotton can inhibit the growth of cotton, and increase the bud and protect the peach. Each mu with 50% chlormequat agent 2 ml, with water evenly spray. There is a phenomenon of free growth or high density cotton field, divided into two spraying, the first in the initial flowering period, the second in the flowering period. In the cotton field with no growth phenomenon in the early stage, the spray is not allowed in the bud stage, but only 1 time before the seal, it can be no beside the heart, reduce the autumn Bud, which is equivalent to chemical pruning. (2) to prevent wheat lodging, add 25~50 ml (50% ~ 12 ml) of 0.5 chlormequat per mu to add water and spray evenly before the winter wheat turning green or the spring wheat jointing, it is required to spray twice, which has the effect of increasing yield, can resist lodging, increase tillering, promote the differentiation of young ears, increase the number of ears, grain weight and thousand grain weight. (3) to prevent lodging of rice, spray with 50% times liquid of 300 chlormequat aqueous solution once at the end of rice tillering, can promote rice grain plumper and increase yield. (4) for soybean, 50% -200 times of chlormequat aqueous solution is sprayed on the leaves of soybean, which can increase the number of soybean grains and reduce the number of pods, which can resist drought and cold, anti-saline and the role of increasing production. (5) for corn, sorghum and millet, the seeds were soaked in 50%-fold solution of 100 chlormequat aqueous solution for 6 hours, and then pulled out and dried in the shade for sowing. (6) for potato, spraying 50% ~ 200 times of 300 chlormequat aqueous solution on the leaves can increase the yield and improve the resilience. (7) for young apple trees, spray with 50% chlormequat 0.5% ~ 1.5% concentration, from early 7 months to early 8 months, once every 15 days, a total of 3 times, it can promote the thickening of new shoots, shortening of internodes, thick green leaves, thickening and widening of leaves, enhance cold resistance, and is conducive to safe winter. (8) for grapes, 50% times liquid spray with 500 chlormequat can inhibit the growth of the secondary shoots, promote the fruit neat, and improve the fruit setting rate and fruit weight. |
| toxicity | According to the data, chlormequat has slight toxicity to humans and animals, the oral lethal dose of mice was 670 mg/kg body weight, there is a big difference with the actual poisoning cases. Adult oral dose of chlormequat (50%) is about 10~50 mL, and the time from taking medicine to death is only 30~50 min, which shows that chlormequat is toxic to human and livestock. animal experiments were carried out on rabbits and guinea pigs. When the dose was above 200 mg/kg body weight, the animals died rapidly. It also shows that the compound has a greater toxicity. The acute oral LD50 of male rats was 670mg/kg, female rats was 1020mg/kg, the oral LD50 of female mice was 810mg/kg, and the acute percutaneous LD50 of male rabbits was 440mg/kg, the acute percutaneous LD50 of guinea pigs was 615mg/kg; The rats were fed with feed containing 1 g/kg of medicament for 2 years, and no toxic symptoms were observed. The original drug on acute oral LD50883mg/kg in rats. |
| note | 1, good water and fertilizer conditions, when the population has a long trend, the use effect is better, and the soil force is poor, no use of chlormequat. 2, accidental administration of 50% chlormequat water can cause poisoning, and general first aid measures and symptomatic treatment can be used for those with obvious muscarinic symptoms. 3, chlormequat has slight toxicity to human and livestock, can not be stored with food, stored in a cool and ventilated place. 4, do not use cotton or wheat with no overgrowth trend. Cotton medication should not be too early, too high, in order to avoid excessive or premature inhibition of plants, affecting the normal growth. Spraying on wheat should not be too late, so as not to inhibit the growth and affect the yield. 5, can be mixed with one six five, dimethoate, but not with basic drugs. |
| analysis method | 1, product analysis: the active ingredient in aqueous solution was precipitated with Sodium tetraphenylborate, and determined by gravimetric method. 2, residue analysis: Extraction with methanol, absorption onto alumina, and preparation of the dipicrylamine salt in NaOH solution. The absorbance was measured in methylene chloride at a wavelength of 415nm. |
| degradation and metabolism | after entering the soil, chlormequat can be rapidly decomposed by soil microorganisms. Rats were fed with diet containing 500 and 96% mg/kg of chlormequat, and of the original drug was excreted in urine and feces. |
| purpose | . For cotton, wheat, rice, corn, tobacco, tomato, fruit and root crops, lodging resistance, promote crop growth, about 10% to 30%, potato tubers can also be enlarged. Can be used for saline alkali and slightly acidic soil. is a widely used plant growth regulator. Its main function is to slowly inhibit the splitting of the fine thorax at the top and lower part of various crops, resulting in thick stems and shortening of internodes, reducing plants, developing roots, widening and thickening leaves, and dark green leaves, and the flower, leaf and late growth does not occur malformation. Chlormequat can be used for most food and economic crops, vegetables, such as corn, rice, tobacco, potato, tomato, have a good effect on increasing production. Cotton using 20~50mg/L agent on the two spray of the bud and the Bell period, wheat with 0.15% ~ 0.3% solution, soaking 6~12h. Sorghum, rice, soybean, tomato, etc. with 50% water 200~500 times liquid in the appropriate spraying period. used as a plant growth regulator, can make wheat, cotton, rice lodging resistance, wheat resistance to salt and alkali, can also increase the potato tuber suitable for cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco, solaneses, vegetables, fruit trees, etc., resistance to lodging, promote crop growth chlormequat is an excellent plant growth regulator, Can be used in wheat, rice, cotton, tobacco, corn and tomatoes and other crops, inhibit crop cell elongation, but does not inhibit cell division, can make the plant get shorter, stem coarsened, green leaf color, can make the crop drought and waterlogging tolerance, prevent crop overgrowth and lodging, resistance to salt and alkali, and can prevent cotton falling, can increase the potato tuber. biochemical research; An excellent plant growth regulator, can be used in wheat, rice, cotton, tobacco, corn and tomatoes and other crops, inhibit crop cell elongation, but not inhibit cell division, the plant can be made shorter, the stem and stem become thicker, the leaf color becomes green, and the crop can be tolerant to drought and waterlogging, and prevent the crop growth and lodging, resistance to salt and alkali, and can prevent the cotton falling, which can increase the potato tuber. |
| production method | is obtained by absorbing trimethylamine with dichloroethane and reacting with heating. trimethylamine is a weak base, and dichloroethane can be considered as a weak acid, which can react easily to form chlormequat. The reaction was carried out at 105-110 ° C. And 0.24-0.322MPa. Due to the exothermic reaction, after the completion of the feeding, the temperature is raised to 50 ℃, the heating is stopped, and the reaction is allowed to warm up by itself, the heating rate is 8~10 ℃ per hour, and the temperature reaches 110 ℃ in about 8H, the reaction was further incubated for 2H. The ratio of raw materials is 1:3.4 (mol), dichloroethane is excessive, distillation and recovery are required after the reaction is finished, and the end temperature of distillation is 120-125 ℃. In the reaction, the excess of dichloroethane acts as a solvent, and toluene can also be used as a solvent. |
| category | pesticide |
| toxicity grade | high toxicity |
| Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 600 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 54 mg/kg |
| stimulation data | Skin-rabbit 500 mg mild |
| flammability hazard characteristics | thermal decomposition of toxic chlorides, nitrogen oxide gases |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored and transported separately from food raw materials |
| fire extinguishing agent | Sand, dry powder, foam |
| Occupational Standard | SEL 0.3 mg/m3 |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:11:58
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