Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
CAS: 56-23-5
Molecular Formula: CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride - Names and Identifiers
Carbon tetrachloride - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | CCl4 |
| Molar Mass | 153.82 |
| Density | 1.594g/mLat 25°C(lit.) |
| Melting Point | -23 °C |
| Boling Point | 76-77°C(lit.) |
| Flash Point | −2°F |
| Water Solubility | 0.8 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Solubility | Miscible with ethanol, benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide (U.S. EPA, 1985), petroleumether, solvent naphtha, and volatile oils (Yoshida et al., 1983a). |
| Vapor Presure | 4.05 psi ( 20 °C) |
| Vapor Density | 5.32 (vs air) |
| Appearance | Liquid |
| Color | Clear colorless |
| Odor | Ethereal, sweet, pungent odor detectable at 140 to 584 ppm (mean = 252 ppm) |
| Exposure Limit | NIOSH REL: STEL 1 hour 2 ppm, IDLH 200 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA10 ppm, C 25 ppm, 5-minute/4-hour peak 200 ppm; ACGIH TLV: TWA 5 ppm. |
| Maximum wavelength(λmax) | ['λ: 265 nm Amax: 1.0', , 'λ: 270 nm Amax: 0.30', , 'λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.07', , 'λ: 290 |
| Merck | 13,1826 |
| BRN | 1098295 |
| Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
| Refractive Index | n20/D 1.460(lit.) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Characteristics of colorless transparent volatile liquid, with a special aromatic odor. Sweet. melting point -22.92 ℃ boiling point 76.72 ℃ relative density 1.5940 (liquid) refractive index 1.4604 solubility 1ml dissolved in ml water, with ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether and most of the volatile oil miscible. |
| Use | Used as fire extinguishing agent, organic solvent, refrigerant and raw material for producing FreonUsed as cleaning agents, solvents, extractants, pesticides, fire extinguishing agents, Analytical reagents |
Carbon tetrachloride - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R23/24/25 - Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R48/23 - R52/53 - Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer R39/23/24/25 - R11 - Highly Flammable R43 - May cause sensitization by skin contact |
| Safety Description | S23 - Do not breathe vapour. S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S59 - Refer to manufacturer / supplier for information on recovery / recycling. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S7 - Keep container tightly closed. |
| UN IDs | UN 1846 6.1/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | FG4900000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 8-9 |
| HS Code | 29031400 |
| Hazard Class | 6.1(a) |
| Packing Group | II |
| Toxicity | LC50 for mice: 9528 ppm (Svirbely); LD50 in rats, mice, dogs (g/kg): 2.92, 12.1-14.4, 2.3 orally; LD50 in mice (g/kg): 4.1 i.p., 30.4 s.c. (IARC, 1979) |
Carbon tetrachloride - Upstream Downstream Industry
Carbon tetrachloride - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
colorless transparent liquid. Special odor. 1.5891 boiling point 76.7 ℃; Melting point -23 ℃ In ~ 4607. With ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, oil phase miscible, very slightly soluble in water, 1mL of the product soluble in 2000mL water. In the humid air gradually decomposed into phosgene and hydrogen chloride. Corrosive to water. With allyl alcohol, silane and permanganate and dichromate and other oxidants can occur violent reaction; With sodium, potassium, magnesium and other active metal decomposition or explosive reaction, with fluorine, alkali metal and aluminum contact reaction. Corrosion of certain paints, plastics and rubber and most metals. No burning. In case of high temperature, contact flame, welding arc can form highly toxic and corrosive phosgene, hydrochloric acid and chlorine.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
Carbon tetrachloride - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
carbon disulfide reacts with oxygen to produce carbon tetrachloride and sulfur monochloride, and by-product sulfur monochloride reacts with excess carbon disulfide to produce carbon tetrachloride. Alternatively, the chlorination reaction of methane and chlorine gas at high temperature can be obtained.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:01:27
Carbon tetrachloride - Use
Open Data Verified Data
An Analytical reagent for the identification of boron, bromine, calcium, chlorine, molybdenum, phosphorus, silver, tungsten and vanadium. It can be used as oil leaching agent, extraction agent, insecticide, fire extinguishing agent and electronic industry cleaning agent.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:01:27
Carbon tetrachloride - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
rats, mice, dogs oral ld5.: respectively 2. 92g/kg, 12. 1-14. 4g/kg, 2.3g/kg, mice intraperitoneal injection of LDso:4. Avoid contact with oxidants, active metal powders. Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. Avoid light. Keep the container sealed. Should be stored separately from edible chemical raw materials, metal powder, etc. Not mixed for storage and transportation.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:01:27
Carbon tetrachloride - Reference Information
| relative polarity | 0.052 |
| olfactory Threshold | 4.6ppm |
| Henry's Law Constant | 2.15 at 30 °C (headspace-GC, Sanz et al., 1997) |
| (IARC) carcinogen classification | 2B (Vol. 20, Sup 7, 71) 1999 |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| organic solvent | carbon tetrachloride, also known as tetrachloromethane, molecular formula ccl4. Colorless liquid, melting point is -23 ℃, boiling point is 76.8 ℃, relative density is 1.5867, can dissolve grease, paint, resin, rubber and other substances, is a commonly used organic solvent and extractant, it can also be used as a dry cleaning agent. But long-term exposure to carbon tetrachloride will stimulate the skin, inhibit the central nervous system, damage the liver and kidney, so the operator should pay special attention. Carbon tetrachloride volatile, its vapor is heavier than air, non-conductive, non-combustion. When carbon tetrachloride is heated and evaporated to heavy vapor, the gas will be covered on the combustion material, so that it can be isolated from the air and put out the fire, which is especially suitable for extinguishing the fire near the oil fire and the power supply. But carbon tetrachloride in high temperature (500 deg C) can be generated with the role of water toxic phosgene, so the fire should pay attention to ventilation. carbon tetrachloride is widespread in the atmosphere. In river water, sea water, algae and marine surface sediments, the concentration in seawater is generally ppb. Carbon tetrachloride in red algae is estimated to be synthesized by the organism itself. The concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in the atmosphere in the north and south hemispheres are very similar and higher than the estimated amount of carbon tetrachloride entering the environment based on production, which is related to the effect of chlorine and methane in the atmosphere. Carbon tetrachloride in industrial production enters the ocean mainly through the sea-air interface, and it is estimated that the atmospheric → ocean flux is 1.4 × 1010G/year, which is equivalent to 30% of the total carbon tetrachloride in the atmosphere. Carbon tetrachloride may be used as a tracer in the water mass mixing process. carbon tetrachloride can react with metallic sodium at higher temperatures and thus it is not possible to use carbon tetrachloride for extinguishing fire when metallic sodium fires. carbon tetrachloride can be produced by treating carbon disulfide with dry chlorine in the presence of a catalyst. |
| Chemical reaction | the carbon tetrachloride molecule has a tetrahedral structure and is a non-polar molecule. The chemical reactivity was inert, but more active than chloroform. At 250 °c, the presence of water can react with some metals to produce carbon dioxide; If no water is present, the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with metals is slow. CCl4 2H2O → CO2 4HCl carbon tetrachloride is decomposed by water in the presence of metals such as aluminum and iron. In the case of superheated steam, carbon tetrachloride can also be decomposed to produce phosgene, although no metal catalyst is present. CCl4 H2O → COCl2 2HCl In the case of heating, carbon tetrachloride can react with halides to generate other tetrahalides, such as silver fluoride reaction, can generate carbon tetrafluoride; With Aluminum Bromide, the calcium iodide reacts to produce carbon tetrabromide and carbon tetrabromide. In the presence of trace hydrogen chloride, this product can react with silver perchlorate to form explosive compound Cl3CClO4: CCl4 AgClO4 → Cl3CClO4 AgCl In the presence of antimony pentachloride catalyst, this product reacts with hydrogen fluoride, can generate fluorine methyl chloride, such as a fluorine trichloromethane, two fluorine methylene chloride, that is, freon refrigerant. CCl4 HF → CCl3F HCl CCl4 2HF → CCl2F2 HCl carbon tetrachloride reacts with sulfur at high temperature (above 200 ℃) to form carbon disulfide. CCl4 6S → CS2 2S2Cl2 Under the catalysis of anhydrous aluminum chloride, carbon tetrachloride reacts with benzene to form triphenylmethane. Under the catalysis of iron or iron salt, heating to 330 ℃ can promote the oxidative decomposition of carbon tetrachloride to produce phosgene. 2CCl4 O2→2COCl2 2Cl2 |
| clinical manifestations of poisoning | The susceptibility of people to CCl4 toxicity varies greatly. Inhalation of high concentrations of CCl4 vapor, can quickly appear Coma, convulsions and other acute poisoning symptoms, and can occur pulmonary edema, respiratory paralysis. Slightly high concentration inhalation, with mental depression, mental confusion, Nausea, Vomit, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea. The signs of liver and kidney damage were observed on the 2nd ~ 4th day of poisoning. In severe cases, ascites, acute hepatic necrosis, and renal failure occur. A few may have myocardial damage, atrial fibrillation, ventricular premature beat. Oral poisoning, with obvious liver symptoms. Chronic poisoning for neurasthenia syndrome and gastrointestinal disorders, a few may have hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function, renal damage rare, optic neuritis and peripheral neuritis are few. |
| examination items | 1. Liver function test: serum ALT, AST activity increased significantly, can be used as carbon tetrachloride poisoning in the acute phase of the main diagnostic indicators of liver damage. Serum hepatobiliary acid and serum prealbumin were also sensitive indexes. Severe damage, serum bilirubin, prothrombin time increased significantly, and serum albumin decreased significantly. 2. Urine routine and renal function test: the change of urine composition can indicate the early evidence of renal function damage. Elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance are commonly used and sensitive methods to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The diagnosis of acute renal failure may be considered if the GFR decreases more than 50%. The determination of carbon tetrachloride concentration in blood and exhaled breath can be used as a diagnostic reference. |
| treatment | symptomatic treatment of nervous system, liver and kidney damage. When oral poisoning gastric lavage, can first use liquid paraffin or vegetable oil to dissolve poison, and to prevent inhalation of respiratory tract. Avoid using epinephrine and ethanol-containing drugs to prevent ventricular fibrillation and exacerbation. Special attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of liver and renal failure. When renal failure occurs, it can be treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. |
| emergency treatment of leakage | prompt evacuation of personnel from the leakage contaminated area to the safety zone, Isolation, and strict restrictions on access. (1) carbon tetrachloride is a colorless liquid, and the emergency treatment method of the pollution accident occurred on the ground is the same as that of chloroform: ① quickly build a dam with soil, sand or other materials that can be obtained to prevent the flow of the liquid, in particular, it should be prevented from flowing into nearby water bodies, covered with soil and absorbed. It is also possible to dig a pit in the direction below its flow, collect it in the pit to prevent spreading around, and then collect the liquid in a suitable container. (2) in the process of processing do not use iron (such as iron spoon, iron container, iron shovel, etc.), should be used to other tools, because iron helps tetrachloromethane decomposition to generate more toxic phosgene. Operators should wear gas masks or other protective equipment during handling, if available. (3) after removing and stripping the contaminated soil, the following methods can be selected according to the situation: a. Heat the soil and add water to make tetrachloromethane produce formic acid, carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid; B. Adding concentrated lye to the soil to react with tetrachloromethane to form carbon monoxide; c. Dilute sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is added to the soil to react with tetrachloromethane to form sodium or potassium formate; The above operations should be avoided under light conditions. d. Incineration of soil to ensure complete combustion to prevent phosgene production. (2) as carbon tetrachloride in the environment is very stable, so some of the trichloromethane disposal technology is not applicable to it, can only use its volatile characteristics of natural or artificial forced volatile to the atmosphere. When there is a large amount of gaseous carbon tetrachloride volatile dispersion, should be evacuated sources of wind direction of the crowd, in order to prevent poisoning. (3) the treatment and disposal technology of the polluted water body is the same as that of chloroform: When the tetrachloromethane liquid enters the water body, the passage of the polluted water area and other water areas should be blocked, the method is to build a dam to stop its flow; Open a ditch to make it flow to another water body (such as a sewage drain) and so on. Because tetrachloromethane is a volatile halogenated hydrocarbon, the most simple and easy treatment method for the polluted water body is to use aeration (including deep aeration) method to make it quickly escape from the water body to the atmosphere. In addition, several methods of treating soil may also be used as appropriate. Waste disposal methods: the use of incineration. After the waste is mixed with other fuels, the combustion should be sufficient to prevent the formation of phosgene. The hydrogen halide in the exhaust gas of the incinerator is removed by an acid scrubber. In addition, purification and recovery of carbon tetrachloride by distillation should also be considered. |
| Use | mainly used as raw materials for the production of Freon F11 and F12, used as fire extinguishing agent, organic chlorinating agent, perfume leaching agent, dry cleaning detergent, grain fumigant, etc. used as fire extinguishing agent, organic solvent, refrigerant and raw material for producing Freon, used as cleaning agent, solvent, extractant, pesticide, fire extinguishing agent, analytical reagents, etc. are used as solvents, fire extinguishing agents, chlorinating agents of organic matter, leaching agents of spices, degreasing agents of fibers, cooking agents of grains, extractants of drugs, and dry cleaning agents of fabrics. It can also be used to synthesize monomer of Freon, nylon 7 and nylon 9; It can also produce chloroform and drugs; It can be used as lubricant in metal cutting. The consumption of carbon tetrachloride in the United States in 289,000 was 180,000 t, of which 84,000 t was used for Freon -12 and t was used for Freon -11. It is used as an incombustible solvent such as fat, resin and gum in analysis. Extraction of colored various metals and certain complexes of the diphenylthioazolocarbonyl compounds. Boron, bromine, calcium, copper, iodine and nickel were tested. Determination of boron, bromine, chlorine, molybdenum, phosphorus, silver, tungsten and vanadium. Oil leachants for fragrant flowers and seeds. Standards for the determination of chlorine by organic microanalysis. Cleaning agents for the electronics industry. tests for boron, bromine, calcium, copper, iodine, and nickel. Determination of boron, bromine, chlorine, molybdenum, phosphorus, silver, tungsten and vanadium. Used in the analysis of fat, resin, gum and other non-flammable solvents. Extraction of colored various metals and certain complexes of the diphenylthioazolocarbonyl compounds. Oil leachants for fragrant flowers and seeds. Standards for the determination of chlorine by organic microanalysis. Cleaning agents for the electronics industry. Standard solutions for ICP-AES, AAS, AFS, ICP-MS, ion chromatography, etc. Standard solutions were used for titration analysis. Calibration instruments and devices; Evaluation methods; Working standards; Quality assurance/quality control; Other. |
| production method | There are many production methods of carbon tetrachloride, such as methane thermal chlorination, carbon disulfide chlorination, combined production of tetrachloroethylene, phosgene catalysis, methane oxychlorination, high pressure chlorination, methanol hydrochlorination. 1. Thermal chlorination of methane methane and chlorine mixture, thermal chlorination reaction at 400-430 ℃, prepared crude and by-product hydrochloric acid, crude product after neutralization, drying, distillation and purification, to get the finished product. Raw material consumption quota: Natural gas (including methane 98%)210, liquid chlorine 2850kg/t. 2. Carbon disulfide method chlorine gas and carbon disulfide are reacted at 90-100 ℃ with iron as catalyst, and the reaction product is fractionated, neutralized and rectified to obtain a finished product. This method is less investment, the product is easy to purify, but the cost is high, the equipment corrosion is serious. The method of oxychlorination of methane has high utilization rate of chlorine and no pollution of hydrogen chloride and waste halogenated hydrocarbons. 4. High pressure chlorination to avoid the formation of tetrachloroethylene. The product of methanol hydrochlorination has good quality and high economic benefit. In addition, dichloromethane and trichloromethane production can be produced by tetrachloromethane. |
| category | pesticide |
| toxicity grade | poisoning |
| Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 2350 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50:8263 mg/kg |
| stimulation data | Skin-rabbits 500 mg/24 h mild; eye-rabbit 500 mg/24 h mild |
| flammability hazard characteristics | non-combustible; Decomposed into hydrochloric acid in wet air and light; toxic chloride smoke from hyperthermic decomposition |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored separately from food additives |
| fire extinguishing agent | itself is fire extinguishing agent |
| Occupational Standard | TWA 13 mg/m3 PEL 25 mg/m3 |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life-and health-threatening concentration | 200 ppm |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
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