Polylactic acid
POLYLACTIC ACID
CAS: 26100-51-6
Molecular Formula: (C3H6O3)x
Polylactic acid - Names and Identifiers
| Name | POLYLACTIC ACID |
| Synonyms | POLYLACTIC ACID Polylactic acid |
| CAS | 26100-51-6 |
| EINECS | 201-245-8 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C3H6O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6) |
Polylactic acid - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | (C3H6O3)x |
| Molar Mass | 90.0774 |
| Density | 1.25-1.28 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 42.2 °C |
| Appearance | Shape powder, color black |
| Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | EPA Chemical Material Information Polylactic acid (26100-51-6) |
| Use | Applications polylactic acid (PLA) powder is a kind of special customized products, can be used in cosmetics, chemical, coating, ceramic firing and other fields; PLA fiber has good air permeability, sweat permeability, easy to form, easy to color, antibacterial, anti-ultraviolet and other characteristics, but also with the silk blend. |
Polylactic acid - Risk and Safety
| Hazard Symbols | Xi - Irritant |
| Risk Codes | 36 - Irritating to the eyes |
| Safety Description | S22 - Do not breathe dust. S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 10-21 |
Polylactic acid - Upstream Downstream Industry
| Downstream Products | polylactic acid and its copolymer |
Polylactic acid - Uses and synthesis methods
physical and chemical properties
Polylactic acid is also called polyhydroxypropionic acid or polylactide. Biodegradable polymer material formed by polycondensation of lactic acid monomer. Soluble in chloroform, acetone, dioxane, dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene and other solvents, insoluble in petroleum ether and other saturated alkanes. It has good biocompatibility and blood compatibility, good anticoagulant performance in vitro, can be degraded by the human body, and is excreted from the body with carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, polylactic acid can be made into different materials, such as using melt extrusion to form fibers as absorbable sutures; fiber braids can be used as human tissue repair materials; made into film materials used as anti-adhesion membranes for tendon tissues, Periosteal growth isolation film, drug sustained-release carrier, etc. Polylactic acid can be compounded with other biological materials, such as compounded with tricalcium phosphate or carbon fiber to make a plate, which can be used as a bone plate.
P> polylactic acid PLA has good thermal stability, processing temperature 170~230 ℃, good solvent resistance, and can be processed in various ways, such as extrusion, spinning, biaxial stretching, injection and blow molding. In addition to being biodegradable, the products made of PLA have good biocompatibility, gloss, transparency, hand feel and heat resistance. They also have certain bacteria resistance, flame retardancy and UV resistance, and also have PS Similar gloss and processing performance, so it has a broad market prospect and a wide range of uses. It can be used as packaging materials, fibers and non-wovens, at present, it is mainly used in the fields of clothing (underwear, outerwear), construction, agriculture, forestry, paper making and medical and health care.polylactic acid properties
P> polylactic acid is abbreviated as PLA, which is a kind of polymer polymerized by L-lactic acid, a fermentation product of microorganisms. It is a non-toxic, non-irritating, has good biocompatibility, can be biodecomposed and absorbed, has high strength, does not pollute the environment, and is plastic. It has good mechanical properties, high resistance strength, high flexibility and thermal stability, no discoloration, good permeability to oxygen and water vapor, good transparency, antibacterial and mildew resistance, and the service life can reach 2~3 years.the chemical structure of PLA is not complicated, but due to the existence of chiral carbon atoms in lactic acid molecules, there are d-type and l-type points, so that the types of lactide and PLA are different due to different three-dimensional structures. PLA has excellent biodegradability, and can be completely degraded by microorganisms in soil within one year after being abandoned to generate CO2 and water without polluting the environment. PLA itself belongs to aliphatic polyester, has the basic characteristics of general polymer materials, has good mechanical processing performance, can be competent for most synthetic plastics, and can be used to make packaging materials, household appliance shells or as degradable fiber materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) is recognized by the industry as the most promising new "ecological material" in the new century because its raw material is renewable biological resources ".
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a real bioplastic, which can be completely degraded to produce CO2 and H2O under the action of microorganisms within 30 days. The disadvantages are high brittleness, low thermal deformation temperature (54 ℃ under 0.46MPa load) and slow crystallization. However, it can be modified by copolymerization with caprolactam and annealing treatment with crystallization accelerator such as talc. The crystallinity of active polylactic acid can reach 40% and the thermal deformation temperature can be increased to 116~121 ℃.
Advantages of polylactic acid
(1) polylactic acid (PLA) is a new type of biodegradable material, which is made from starch extracted from renewable plant resources (such as corn, sweet potato, potato, etc.). Starch raw materials are made into lactic acid through fermentation process, and then converted into PLA through chemical synthesis. It has good biodegradability and can be completely degraded by microorganisms in nature after use. As the global temperature continues to rise, the treatment method of ordinary plastics is still incineration and cremation, causing a large amount of greenhouse gases to be discharged into the air, while PLA plastics are buried in the soil and degraded, and the generated carbon dioxide directly enters the soil organic matter or is absorbed by plants. It will not be discharged into the air and will not cause greenhouse effect.
(2)PLA has the best tensile strength and ductility, good mechanical and physical properties. PLA is suitable for blow molding, injection molding, blister, calendering and other processing methods, with convenient processing and wide application. It can be used to process various plastic products, packaged food, fast food lunch boxes, non-woven fabrics, industrial and civil fabrics, etc. Then processed into agricultural fabrics, health fabrics, rags, sanitary products, outdoor anti-ultraviolet fabrics, tent cloths, floor mats, etc. In addition, it also has the same printing performance as traditional films, making a variety of application products.
(3) Good compatibility and degradability. PLA is widely used in the field of medicine, such as the production of disposable infusion appliances, non-removable surgical sutures, low molecular PLA as drug sustained release packaging agent.
(4) polylactic acid has its own unique characteristics in addition to the basic characteristics of biodegradable plastics. The strength, transparency and resistance to climate change of traditional biodegradable plastics are not as good as ordinary plastics. The basic physical properties of PLA and petrochemical synthetic plastics are similar, that is, it can be widely used to manufacture various applications. PLA also has good gloss and transparency, which is equivalent to the film made by PS, which cannot be provided by other biodegradable products.
(5) polylactic acid film has good air permeability and oxygen permeability, and it also has the characteristics of isolating odor. Viruses and molds are easily attached to the surface of biodegradable plastics, so there are doubts about safety and hygiene. However, PLA is the only biodegradable plastic with excellent antibacterial and anti-mildew properties.
(6) when incineration of polylactic acid PLA, its combustion calorific value is the same as that of incineration paper, which is half of that of incineration of traditional plastics (such as PE), and incineration of PLA will never release toxic gases such as nitride and sulfide. The human body also contains lactic acid in the form of a monomer, which indicates the safety of this decomposable product.
production method
P> polylactic acid production is based on lactic acid as raw material, traditional lactic acid fermentation mostly with starchy raw materials, at present, the United States, France, Japan and other countries have developed the use of agricultural and sideline products as raw materials for fermentation to produce lactic acid, and then produce polylactic acid, the English abbreviation PLA. The main methods are:(1) Direct polycondensation method uses solvent to dehydrate polycondensation under vacuum. Japan has done a lot of research in this area, but in the end it did not succeed in industrialization.
(2) Two-step method makes lactic acid generate cyclic dimer lactide, and then open the ring to condense into PLA. This technology is relatively mature, and the process of producing PLA by Nature Works in the United States is this process. The PLA production technology jointly developed by China's Haizheng and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is also similar. The main process is that the raw materials are fermented by microorganisms to produce lactic acid, and then refined, dehydrated, oligomerized, pyrolyzed, and finally polymerized into polylactic acid PLA.
(3) reaction extrusion preparation of high molecular mass polylactic acid PLA by batch stirring reactor and twin screw extruder combination, continuous melt polymerization experiment, can obtain the relative molecular mass of lactic acid through continuous melt polycondensation of 150000 PLA. The low molar mass of lactic acid prepolymer was further polycondensed on the extruder by twin-screw extruder to prepare PLA with higher molar mass. When the reaction temperature is 150 ℃, the amount of catalyst is 0.5%, and the screw speed is 75 r/min, the molar mass of PLA can be quickly and effectively improved by twin-screw reactive extrusion polycondensation method, and the dispersion coefficient of the reaction extrusion product decreases and the uniformity becomes better. Through the comparison of DSC curves, it is found that the crystallinity of PLA prepared by reactive extrusion polycondensation is reduced, which is beneficial to improve the brittleness of PLA material in the use process.
Market application of extrusion grade resins
extrusion grade resin is the main purpose of polylactic acid PLA, mainly used for packaging fresh fruits and vegetables in large supermarkets, which has become an important member of the European market chain. Secondly, it is used for some electronic product packaging that promotes safety, energy saving and environmental protection. In these applications, PLA has the advantages of high transparency, high gloss and high rigidity, and is now the leading direction of PLA application. In addition, the application of extrusion grade resin in gardening has also begun to receive attention, and has been applied in slope greening, sandstorm control and other fields.
however, the extrusion processing of PLA is not easy. it is only suitable for processing on some advanced PET extrusion molding machines, and the thickness of the extruded sheet is generally only in the range of 0.2~1.0mm. The processing process is particularly sensitive to moisture content and processing temperature. During extrusion processing, the moisture content is generally required to be less than 50 × 10-6, which puts forward new requirements for the drying system and temperature control system of the equipment. In the process of processing, if there is no suitable crystallization equipment, the recovery of scrap is also a big problem, which is why there are a large number of PLA scrap in circulation in the market.
market application of injection grade resin
In the injection molding application of polylactic acid PLA, the modified resin is more widely used. Although pure PLA has the advantages of high transparency and high gloss, its hard and brittle, difficult processing and heat-resistant shortcomings affect its application in injection molding. Of course, the chemical and plastic industries have been committed to solving these problems. For example, the use of BPM-500 additives can improve the impact strength of PLA; adding a small amount of a vinyl copolymer called Biomax Strong can improve the toughness of PLA; blending with another biodegradable resin PHA can improve some of PLA's performance; In addition, Japanese scientists have developed a heat-resistant PLA resin with pulp. The PLA products modified by the above methods sacrifice transparency, but improve the PLA's defects in heat resistance, flexibility, impact resistance, etc., and improve its processing ease, so the application range has also been expanded.
On the whole, the relatively high cost is the biggest reason that hinders the wide application of PLA in the injection molding market. Although pure resin can reduce some costs through filling modification, the effect of this measure is limited under the premise of ensuring its performance. If it is necessary to improve the defects in PLA performance, such as heat resistance, under the premise of full biodegradation, the cost is higher.
Oral Fixation Material
Studies have shown that this type of absorbable polymeric material has sufficient strength to be used for internal fixation of maxillofacial fractures. Foreign experts first proposed the concept of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in 1976. Generally, the technique of placing membrane between periodontal tissue and root tissue is called GTR, which is mainly used in periodontal disease treatment and oral implantation. The technique of placing a membrane between a bone defect and gingival tissue is called guided bone tissue regeneration. The excellent performance of PLA membrane not only meets the above requirements, but also is suitable for gingival flap surgery and semi-thick flap lift surgery because of its absorbability. It is also suitable for the suture of tissue flap and periosteum in oral implant surgery, which can enhance the adaptability of tissue and implant. Although the membrane has certain defects, PLA-GTR technology has become a mature method for the treatment of implant bone defects and periodontitis bone defects.
ophthalmic materials
proliferative vitreoretinopathy is one of the main causes of retinal detachment surgery failure. Glucocorticoids and anti-metabolic drugs have anti-proliferative effects, but due to the short half-life of the drug in the vitreous body, repeated injections are required to maintain effective concentrations. Long-term sustained-release system (DDS) made of polylactic acid PLA and its copolymer as ophthalmic materials may be a better method for the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Glucocorticoid is a commonly used drug for the treatment of inflammatory reaction after cataract surgery. Granular dexamethasone-DDS with diameter and thickness of 1mm is made with 60 μg of dexamethasone and PLA, which proves that dexamethasone-DDS is more effective than dexamethasone eye drops. It can reduce postoperative inflammatory reaction without obvious adverse reactions and is a safe and effective treatment method. At present, this dosage form has been used in ophthalmology clinic. In addition, there are many anti-scar drugs and administration methods after glaucoma filtration surgery, but most of them are not ideal. However, long-acting DDS can maintain a lower therapeutic concentration and should be an ideal method of administration.
application of polylactic acid PLA in biomedical field biomedical industry is the earliest application field of polylactic acid PLA. PLA is highly safe for the human body and can be absorbed by tissues. In addition to its excellent physical and mechanical properties, it can be used in the field of biomedicine, such as disposable infusion tools, disassembly-free surgical sutures, drug relief packaging agents, artificial fractures Internal fixation materials, tissue repair materials, artificial skin, etc. PLA with high relative molecular mass has very high mechanical properties. It has been used to replace stainless steel in Europe and the United States. It is widely used as a new type of orthopedic internal fixation material such as bone nails and bone plates. It can be absorbed and metabolized by the human body., So that patients are free from the pain of secondary surgery. Its technology has high added value and is a polymer material with good prospects for the development of the medical industry.
Applications in the field of electronics and electrical appliances
In order to save oil resources, reduce the global greenhouse effect, and further expand the application field of polylactic acid PLA manufactured from renewable biological resources, all countries have conducted in-depth research on the application of PLA in the field of electronics and electrical appliances, and Achieved excellent results.
The modified polylactic acid PLA can improve the impact resistance, heat resistance, rigidity and flame retardancy of PLA. It has been widely used in the manufacture of computer parts, portable notebook housings, mobile phone parts, DVD player housings, optical discs and home appliance parts, etc. PLA and other resins, inorganic materials and other materials can be blended and compounded in multiple ways to produce a new plastic "alloy" with excellent physical properties ", these materials have excellent characteristics in antistatic, dimensional stability, tear strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, impact strength, etc., and are ideal new environmentally friendly synthetic materials.
application of disposable products
the absolutely harmless nature of polylactic acid PLA to human body makes PLA have unique advantages in the field of disposable tableware, food packaging materials and other disposable products. It can be completely biodegraded and also meets the high requirements of countries around the world, especially the European Union, the United States and Japan for environmental protection. However, the disposable tableware processed by PLA raw materials has the defects of not being resistant to high temperature, oil and solvent. In this way, its own function is greatly reduced, and the tableware is deformed and the material becomes brittle during transportation, resulting in a large number of defective products. However, through technological development, there are PLA modified materials in the current market, which can effectively overcome the original shortcomings. Some even have heat-resistant temperatures as high as 120 ℃ and can be used as microwave oven materials.
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:04:16
Polylactic acid - Nature
| optical activity (optical activity) | [α]22/D -145°, c = 0.1% in chloroform |
Last Update：2024-04-09 18:58:34
Polylactic acid - Security information
| toxic substance data | 26100-51-6(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:01:54
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