Molecular Formula | C2Cl4 |
Molar Mass | 165.83 |
Density | 1.623 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
Melting Point | -22 °C (lit.) |
Boling Point | 121 °C (lit.) |
Flash Point | 120-121°C |
Water Solubility | Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and hexane. Slightly miscible with water. |
Solubility | water: soluble0.15g/L at 25°C |
Vapor Presure | 13 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
Vapor Density | 5.83 (vs air) |
Appearance | Liquid |
Color | APHA: ≤10 |
Odor | chloroform-like odor |
Exposure Limit | TLV-TWA 50 ppm (~325 mg/m3) (ACGIH),100 ppm (MSHA and OSHA); TLV-STEL200 ppm (ACGIH); carcinogenicity: AnimalLimited Evidence. |
Maximum wavelength(λmax) | λ: 290 nm Amax: 1.00λ: 295 nm Amax: 0.30λ: 300 nm Amax: ≤0.20λ: 305 nm Amax: 0.10λ: 350 nm Amax: 0.0 |
Merck | 14,9190 |
BRN | 1361721 |
Storage Condition | Store at +2°C to +25°C. |
Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases. |
Refractive Index | n20/D 1.505(lit.) |
Physical and Chemical Properties | Colorless transparent liquid, with ether-like odor. boiling point 121 ℃ freezing point -22.0 ℃ relative density 1.6227 refractive index 1.50547 solubility: Solubility: Dissolution of various substances (such as rubber, resin, fat, aluminum chloride, sulfur, iodine, mercury chloride). With ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene miscibility. Dissolve in about 10000 times the volume of water. |
Use | Used as organic solvent, dry cleaning agent, desulfurization agent and fabric finishing agent |
Risk Codes | R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. R11 - Highly Flammable R39/23/24/25 - R23/24/25 - Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
Safety Description | S23 - Do not breathe vapour. S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S24 - Avoid contact with skin. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S7 - Keep container tightly closed. |
UN IDs | UN 1897 6.1/PG 3 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS | KX3850000 |
TSCA | Yes |
HS Code | 29032300 |
Hazard Class | 6.1 |
Packing Group | III |
Toxicity | LD50 orally in mice: 8.85 g/kg (Dybing); LC for mice in air: 5925 ppm (Lazarew) |
Raw Materials | Chlorine Trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene |
Downstream Products | hexachloroethane Perchlorethylene |
This method can produce trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, divided into the following two methods.
A mixture of hydrocarbons containing methane, ethane, propane, propylene and the like is chlorinated and pyrolyzed at 50~500 ° C. To obtain a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is fractionated and separated into various products.
acetylene and chlorine are heated and chlorinated to produce 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane, and trichloroethylene is obtained by dehydrochlorination with alkali, pentachloroethane is generated by chlorination, and then Tetrachloroethylene is obtained by dehydrochlorination with alkali. Due to the high price of acetylene, has been gradually replaced by the ethylene method.
can be used as a solvent, dry cleaning agent, animal and vegetable oil extractant, fire extinguishing agent and smoke agent. It can also be used for the synthesis of trichloroacetic acid and fluorine-containing organic compounds.
toxic, is a central nervous system inhibitors, inhalation, swallowing or absorption through the skin can cause a strong harm, such as Head Pain, trembling, Vomit, severe loss of consciousness in the end to death. Irritating to the eyes and skin. Contact should be immediately washed with water. The maximum allowable concentration in air is 100 × 10-6. Operators exposed to higher concentrations of tetrachloroethylene should wear gas masks and protective gloves. Its packaging and storage see trichloroethylene.
melting point | -22°C (lit.) |
boiling point | 121°C (lit.) |
density | 1.623 g/mL at 25°C (lit.) |
vapor density | 5.83 (vs air) |
Vapor pressure | 13mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
refractive index | n20/D 1.505(lit.) |
flash point | 120-121°C |
storage conditions | Store at 2°C to 25°C. |
solubility | water: soluble0.15g/L at 25°C |
morphology | Liquid |
color | APHA: ≤10 |
Odor | chloroform-like odor |
olfactory threshold (Odor Threshold) | 0.77ppm |
water solubility | Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and hexane. Slightly miscible with water. |
freezing point | -22.0℃ |
maximum wavelength (& lambda;max) | λ: 290 nm Amax: 1.00 λ: 295 nm Amax: 0.30 λ: 300 nm Amax: ≤0.20 λ: 305 nm Amax: 0.10 λ: 350 nm Amax: 0.05 λ: 400 nm Amax: 0.03 |
Merck | 14,9190 |
BRN | 1361721 |
Henry's Law Constant | 4.97 at 1.8 °C, 15.5 at 21.6 °C, 34.2 at 40.0 °C, 47.0 at 50 °C, 68.9 at 60 °C, 117.0 at 70°C (EPICS-GC, Shimotori and Arnold, 2003) |
exposure limit | TLV-TWA 50 ppm (~325 mg/m3) (ACGIH), 100 ppm (MSHA and OSHA); TLV-STEL 200 ppm (ACGIH); carcinogenicity: Animal Limited Evidence. |
stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases. |
(IARC) Carcinogen Classification | 2A (Vol. Sup 7, 63, 106) 2014 |
NIST chemical information | Tetrachloroethylene(127-18-4) |
EPA chemical information | Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) |
protective measures
The production equipment should be airtight, and the operator should wear protective work clothes and protective glasses to prevent skin and eyes from contacting it. If the work clothes may be contaminated, they should be replaced every day. Permeable work clothes, if wet or contaminated, are quickly removed.
medical monitoring
The skin, liver and kidney functions and the central nervous system should be examined during physical examination.
breath analysis is helpful to assess exposure to tetrachloroethylene. Attention should be paid to the history of liver, kidney and neurological diseases of workers before employment.
determination method
Determination in air: adsorption with activated carbon, CS2 treatment, gas chromatography analysis.
Determination in water
First clean with inert gas, followed by gas chromatography or gas-mass spectrometry for halide specific detection.
store
packed in iron drums. Store in a cool, dry and well ventilated place. Stay away from any area where there is a risk of violent fire.
shipping requirements
Organic drugs. Hazard code number: 84009, the container must be marked with "drugs" during transportation.
1. ethylene method
this method can coproduce trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, which are divided into the following two methods. A. Direct chlorinated ethylene and chlorine are reacted in a solution of 1,2-dichloroethane containing FeCl3 catalyst at 280-450 ℃ to generate 1,2-dichloroethane, which is further chlorinated to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. After distillation, it is neutralized, washed and dried with NH3 respectively to obtain the finished product. B. oxychlorination is carried out by the addition of ethylene and chlorine to produce 1, 2-dichloroethane, 1, 2-dichloroethane, chlorine and oxygen are subjected to oxychlorination reaction under the conditions of CuCl2 and KCl as catalysts and 425 ℃ and 138-207kPa. The product is cooled, washed with water, dried and then distilled to obtain high purity product.
2. Hydrocarbon oxidation method
the hydrocarbon mixture containing methane, ethane, propane, propylene, etc. is chlorinated and pyrolyzed at 50-500 ℃ to obtain the mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is separated into various products after rectification.
3. acetylene method
Acetylene and chlorine are heated and chlorinated to produce 1,1,2,2, 2-tetrachloroethane. Hydrogen chloride is removed with alkali to obtain trichloroethylene, which is then chlorinated to produce pentachloroethane, and then hydrogen chloride is removed with alkali to obtain tetrachloroethylene. Because of the high price of acetylene, it has been gradually replaced by the ethylene method.
Perchloroethylene poisoning
The harm of vinyl chloride to humans is that it can be absorbed through the respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin poisoning.
after tetrachloroethylene enters the human body, its accumulation in the body is limited, about 98% is discharged through the lungs, and only 2% changes. It is mainly converted into trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol, which are excreted in urine. This product is discharged from the body very slowly. After inhaling the vapor with a concentration of 2.7mg/L for 3.5h, it can be measured after 2 weeks, and the average 62% of this product is retained in the lung. The concentration is 1.3mg/L, and equilibrium can be reached after 3 hours.
The toxicity of tetrachloroethylene is lower than that of trichloroethylene, and its anesthetic effect is weaker. It mainly inhibits the central nervous system. The liver and kidney are less toxic, and it is irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and pharynx. Although it does not burn, this product can emit highly toxic and irritating smoke during a fire. The allowable concentration in the air is 100ppm in China and 50ppm (335mg/m3) in the United States.
harmful effects and poisoning symptoms
Re-contact with tetrachloroethylene liquid can cause dry skin and dermatitis. High concentration of vapor can stimulate eyes and nose.
Acute exposure to higher concentrations of tetrachloroethylene can cause depression in the central nervous system, presenting symptoms of anesthesia, and severe liver injury and even death. Exposure to 300~1,000ppm vapor can cause misjudgment. Exposure to high concentrations can cause dizziness, lethargy, loss of consciousness and even death. The signs and symptoms caused by excessive exposure mainly include discomfort, dizziness, headache, increased sweating, fatigue, faltering gait, and mental retardation. However, these signs and symptoms usually decrease rapidly after reaching the fresh air in the open air.
treatment of poisoning
if this chemical enters the eye, immediately rinse with water; If it comes into contact with the skin, wash it quickly with soap and water; If someone inhales a large amount, immediately move away from the scene to fresh air, and if necessary, carry out artificial respiration. If swallowed, take a large amount of saline, induce vomiting, gastric lavage, severe cases do not cause vomiting, should be sent to the hospital immediately for treatment.
Contacts should leave the scene immediately. Patients with irritation symptoms need to rest quietly, carry out necessary examination and treatment, and observe for 24 hours. Mainly symptomatic treatment.
Acute poisoning patients should stay in bed. The principles of first aid measures and symptomatic treatment are the same as those of internal medicine. For those with coma, heartbeat and respiratory arrest, rapid brain, heart, and lung resuscitation; pay attention to symptomatic treatment.
glucocorticoids can be used appropriately in patients with severe tetrachloroethylene poisoning.
pay attention to protect liver and kidney functions. Avoid adrenaline.
Reference: Editor-in-Chief Ding Baogan. A complete collection of poisoning prevention and control. Zhengzhou: Henan Science and Technology Press. 2006. Page 387.
Fire suppression measures
In the event of a fire, use mist water to keep the container exposed to the fire cool, and use mist water to flush the spill away from the fire.
recommended waste disposal method
Incineration; Incineration is preferable after mixing with other flammable fuels. Attention must be paid to ensure complete combustion to prevent phosgene generation. In order to remove the hydrogen halide acid produced, it is necessary to install an acid scrubber. Another alternative method is to recover tetrachloroethylene from the exhaust gas and reuse it.
category | Pesticides |
toxicity classification | Poisoning |
acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 2629 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 8100 mg/kg |
Stimulus data | skin-rabbit 810 mg/24 hours severe; Eyes-rabbit 500 mg/24 hours mild |
explosive hazard characteristics | Explosive in oxygen |
flammability hazard characteristics | High thermal decomposition; combustion releases toxic chloride smoke |
storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dry at low temperature; it is stored separately from oxidants and food additives; it needs to be stored with stabilizers, such as hydroquinone |
fire extinguishing agent | mist water, foam, carbon dioxide, sand. |
occupational standards | TWA 335 mg/m3; STEL 510 mg/m3 |
use | used as organic solvent, dry cleaning agent, grease extractant, smoke curtain agent, desulfurizer and fabric finishing agent, etc. |
use | tetrachloroethylene is widely used, mainly used as organic solvent, dry cleaning agent, metal degreasing solvent, and also used as intestinal insect repellent. Tetrachloroethylene can be used as fatty extractant, fire extinguishing agent and smoke curtain agent, etc., and can also be used to synthesize trichloroethylene and fluorine-containing organic compounds. |
use | Used as organic solvent, dry cleaning agent, desulfurizer and fabric finishing agent |
use | tetrachloroethylene has a wide range of uses, mainly used as an organic solvent, dry cleaning agent, metal degreasing solvent, and also used as an intestinal insect repellent as a solvent and chromatographic analysis standard substance. Tetrachloroethylene can be used as fatty extractant, fire extinguishing agent and smoke curtain agent, etc., and can also be used to synthesize trichloroethylene and fluorine-containing organic compounds. |
use | Solvents used as fats or fat-like substances in organic analysis. High pressure liquid chromatography reagents. Solvents for spectrophotometric determination. Organic synthesis. |
dangerous goods mark | Xn,N,T,F |
hazard category code | 40-51/53-23/25-11-39/23/24/25-23/24/25 |
safety instructions | 23-36/37-61-45-24-16-7 |
dangerous goods transport number | UN 1897 6.1/PG 3 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS number | KX3850000 |
auto-ignition temperature | 260℃ |
TSCA | Yes |
HazardClass | 6.1 |
PackingGroup | III |
customs code | 29032300 |
toxic substance data | 127-18-4(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Toxicity | LD50 orally in mice: 8.85 g/kg (Dybing); LC for mice in air: 5925 ppm (Lazarew) |
Perchloroethylene is also called perchloroethylene. In terms of molecular structure, it is a compound formed by replacing all hydrogen atoms in ethylene with chlorine. It was first produced in 1821 when Faraday pyrolyzed hexachloroethane. Colorless transparent liquid. It has an ether-like smell. Non-combustible. Relative molecular mass 165.85. Relative density 1.6220. Melting point -22.7 ℃. Boiling point 121.2 ℃, 33.2 ℃(4.000 × 103 Pa). Refractive index 1.5055. Viscosity 0.839mPa · s(20 ℃). Vapor pressure (× 103Pa):5.466(40 ℃), 13.865(60 ℃), 30.131(80 ℃), 58.128(100 ℃). Tetrachloroethylene is insoluble in sugar, glycerol and protein, slightly soluble in water (0.015 at 25 ℃), and is miscible with ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene and chlorine organic solvents. Not hydrolyzed. In the presence of no air, no moisture and no catalyst, it is still stable even when heated to 500 ℃. Tetrachloroethane can be generated during hydrogenation. Hexachloroethane is produced when chlorinated. Tetrachloroethylene can also react with bromine to form monobromo trichloro or dibromo dichloro compounds. Under the action of a catalyst, it can also react with hydrogen fluoride. In the presence of light, air and water for a long time, it slowly decomposes into trichloroacetaldehyde and phosgene, and corrodes iron, aluminum, zinc and other metals, which can be inhibited by adding stabilizers. If activated carbon is present, it is heated to 700 ℃ to decompose into benzene hexachloride and ethane hexachloride. Perchloroethylene can be oxidized by strong oxidants. Perchloroethylene can react violently with barium powder, beryllium powder, lithium chips, dinitrogen tetroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Tetrachloroethylene is toxic and is a central nervous system inhibitor that can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, and even coma. Mice were LD508850mg orally/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 100 × 10-6.