D-Biotin

D-Biotin - Names and Identifiers

Name	Vitamin H
Synonyms	VH Biotin BIOS H D-Biotin Vitamin H Vitamin B7 Biotin(D-) D-Biotin pure BIOTIN,POWDER,FCC ETHYLPHENYLETHANOL PHOTOPROBE(R) BIOTIN Vitamin H (D-Biotin) RONACARE(TM) BIOTIN PLUS (+)-Biotin , Vitamin B7, Coenzyme R Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid 5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid 5-[(3aR,4S,6aS)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate 5-[(3aS,4S,6aS)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate 5-[(3aR,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate 1H-Thieno3,4-dimidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, (3aS,4S,6aR)- 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid 5-[(3aR,4S,6aS)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
CAS	58-85-5 22879-79-4
EINECS	200-399-3
InChI	InChI=1/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/p-1/t6-,7-,9+/m0/s1
InChIKey	YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N

D-Biotin - Physico-chemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C10H16N2O3S
Molar Mass	244.31
Density	1.2693 (rough estimate)
Melting Point	231-233°C(lit.)
Boling Point	573.6±35.0 °C(Predicted)
Specific Rotation(α)	89 º (c=1, 0.1N NaOH)
Flash Point	300.7°C
Water Solubility	Soluble in hot water, dimethyl sulfoxide, alcohol and benzene.
Solubility	Soluble in hot water and calcium liquid, insoluble in water (1g/5L,25°C) and ethanol (1g/1.3L,25°C), insoluble in other organic solvents.
Vapor Presure	1.19E-14mmHg at 25°C
Appearance	White crystalline powder
Color	White crystalline powder or fine long needles
Merck	14,1231
BRN	86838
pKa	4.74±0.10(Predicted)
PH	4.5 (0.1g/l, H2O)
Storage Condition	-20°C
Stability	Stable, but light sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong acids, formaldehyde, chloramine-T, nitrous acid.
Sensitive	Light Sensitive
Refractive Index	90.5 ° (C=2, 0.1mol/
MDL	MFCD00005541
Physical and Chemical Properties	Colorless to nearly colorless crystalline powder. Melting point 232-233 °c. Solubility at 25 °c (mg/100ml): Water -22;95% ethanol -80. Soluble in hot water and dilute alkali, insoluble in other commonly used organic solvents. In the case of strong alkali or oxidant decomposition.
Use	Nutritional supplements. According to China's provisions GB2760-90, can be used in the food industry as processing aids. The product has the prevention of skin diseases, promote lipid metabolism and other physiological functions. High consumption of raw protein can lead to biotin deficiency.

D-Biotin - Risk and Safety

Hazard Symbols	Xn - Harmful
Risk Codes	R20/21/22 - Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Safety Description	S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
WGK Germany	1
RTECS	XJ9088200
FLUKA BRAND F CODES	8
TSCA	Yes
HS Code	29362930
Toxicity	LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 2000 mg/kg

D-Biotin - Reference

Reference

1. Du Xu, Wang Qin, Liu Yang, Ma Lixia, Zhu AI-Chen, Wang Xianpeng, Wang Chuan-dong. Synthesis and properties of four-arm star biotinylated poly (ethylene glycol)-polylactide [J]. Chemistry and bioengineering, 2015,32(03):36-39.
2. Dong Shujia, Qin, Wei, Shuai, Liu, canzhen, et al. Effect of low nitrogen on ester synthesis in fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. China brewing 2018 037(001):149-154.
3. Chen Yinbin, Wang Yufang, Hou Zhifang et al. Effects of Rg1 combined with B vitamins on NO release and Rg1 brain volume in mice with acute myocardial ischemia [J]. Specialty Research 2016(1):5-8.
4. Chen, Yin Bin, et al. "Effect of B- complex vitamins on the absolute activity and bio-availability of ginseng Re after oral administration." Journal of ginsen research 41.2 (2017): 209-214.https:// doi.org/10.1016/j. Jgr.3/006 2016
5. Zheng, Peihe, et al. "Influence of B- complex vitamins on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, and Ro after oral administration." Journal of medicinal food 20.11 (2017): 1127-1132.https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.3922
6. [IF=6.06] Yin Bin Chen et al."Effect of B- complex vitamins on the antifatigue activity and bioavailability of ginsenoside Re after oral administration."J Ginseng Res. 2017 Apr;41:209
7. [IF=2.786] Peihe Zheng et al."Influence of B- Complex Vitamins on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, and Ro After Oral Administration."J Med Food. 2017 Nov;20(11):1127-1132
8. [IF=2.391] Wu Zhihao et al."Preparation of Monascus-fermented ginkgo seeds: optimization of fermentation parameters and evaluation of bioactivity."FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2022 Apr;:1-10

D-Biotin - Introduction

Open Data Unverified Data

Biotin is one of vitamin B groups, also known as Vitamin H, vitamin B7, Coenzyme R(Coenzyme R) and the like. Biotin in the liver, kidney, yeast, milk content is more, is an important factor in the biological fixation of carbon dioxide. It is easy to combine with a protein in chicken protein, and a large amount of raw protein can hinder the absorption of biotin, resulting in biotin deficiency, such as hair loss, weight loss, dermatitis and so on.

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:05

D-Biotin - Test and analysis

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identification test

The bromine test solution (TS-46) added dropwise was discolored by the warm water saturated solution of the sample.

Content analysis

approximately TS-167 mg of a sample was accurately weighed, mixed with of water, and a few drops of a phenolphthalein test solution () were added thereto, followed by using 0.1mol/L solution with continuous heating and stirring. Sodium hydroxide was slowly added dropwise to the suspension until pink. Each ml of 0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution corresponds to 24.43mg of biotin (C10Hl6N2O3S).

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:16

D-Biotin - Performance and use

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photoreceptor substance in photoreceptor cells

biotin is oxidized in vivo to form cis-and trans-retinal. There are two kinds of photoreceptor cells in the human retina, in which the rod cells are sensitive to weak light and are related to dark vision because the rod cells contain the photoreceptor substance, it is composed of egg cells and cis retinal. When vitamin H is deficient, cis-retinal is not supplemented enough, rod cells cannot synthesize enough Violet cells, and thus night blindness occurs.

Maintain the integrity and integrity of epithelial tissue structure

biotin is necessary to maintain the integrity of the body's epithelial tissue. Vitamin H deficiency, can cause mucosal and epidermal keratinization, hyperplasia and dryness, resulting in dry eye disease, severe corneal keratosis thickening, inflammation, and even perforation leading to blindness. When the sebaceous glands and sweat glands are keratinized, the skin is dry, and hair follicles and papules and hair loss occur. Because the digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary tract epithelial cells tissue is not perfect, easy to infection.

enhance immune response and resistance

biotin can enhance the body's immune response and infection resistance, stabilize the lysosomal membrane of normal tissues, maintain the body's humoral immunity, cellular immunity and affect the secretion of a series of cytokines. Large doses can promote thymic hyperplasia, as the immune enhancer in combination, can enhance immunity.

Maintain normal growth and development

when biotin is deficient, reproductive function declines, bone growth is poor, and the growth and development of embryos and young children are blocked.
for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorders.

used in cosmetics, can improve the circulation rate of blood in the blood vessels of the skin, in the concentration range of 0.1% ~ 1.0%, easy to mix with the oil phase in the formula. In the Skin Care Cream, sports medicine, foot pain cream, shaving liquid, shampoo can be used.

traits and stability

is a colorless long needle-like crystal, with a combination of urea and thiophene ring, with pentanoic acid side chain; Very slightly soluble in water (22mg/100ml water, 25 °c) and ethanol (80mg/100ml,25 C), soluble in hot water and dilute alkali, insoluble in other common organic solvents. In the case of strong alkali or oxidant decomposition.
it is stable for several days in medium strength acid and neutral solution, but it is less stable in alkaline solution. It is quite stable at ordinary temperatures, but high temperatures and oxidants can make it inactive.
In Vivo process: Oral biotin is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and intestinal tract. 80% of biotin in blood exists in free form and is distributed in various tissues of the whole body, after administration, most of the biotin was excreted in the urine as the original form, and only a small part was metabolized to biotin sulfur oxide and dinorbiotin.

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:11

D-Biotin - Characteristics

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physiological function

biotin combines with enzyme to participate in the process of carbon dioxide fixation and carboxylation in the body, and the important metabolic processes in the body such as pyruvate carboxylation and conversion into oxaloacetate, the carbonylation of acetyl-CoA has been implicated as a major biochemical reaction in the metabolism of sugars and fats such as malonyl-CoA. It is also a growth factor for certain microorganisms, in very small amounts (0.005 micrograms) to allow the growth of the tested bacteria. For example, a very small amount of biotin is required for the growth of Streptomyces sp. The human body needs about 100 to 300 micrograms per day. There is an anti-biotin protein in raw egg white, which can combine with biotin, and the combined biotin can not be absorbed by the digestive tract; Cause the animal body biotin deficiency, then appear loss of appetite, glossitis, dandruff dermatitis, hair removal, etc. However, there have been no cases of biotin deficiency in humans, probably because intestinal bacteria, in addition to food sources, also synthesize biotin.

Efficacy

Vitamin H is a key regulatory element for gluconeogenesis of glycogen, the combined effect of fatty acids and the metabolism of certain amino acids, and can help the production of energy to promote the synthesis of certain proteins; At the same time can help cell growth, production of fatty acids, carbohydrate metabolism, fat and protein, and contribute to the use of vitamin B Group; promote the health of sweat glands, nerve tissue, bone marrow and male gonads; Maintain the normal operation and growth of skin and hair, relieve the symptoms of eczema and dermatitis; Prevent white hair and hair loss, help treat baldness; ease Myalgia; Depression, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders does have a certain benefit; Also involved in vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid metabolism; Promote urea synthesis and excretion; Improve the body's immune function.

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:11

D-Biotin - Human needs

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beer has higher Vitamin H content

recommended daily intake: adults recommended daily intake of 25~300 μg. If biotin and vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin (vitamin B3) used together, complement each other, the effect is better. Supplementation cycle: Vitamin H in the human body only stay 3~6 hours, so must be supplemented every day.

Population required

good raw eggs and drinking people need to supplement Biotin;
people taking antibiotics or sulfonamides should take at least 25 μg per day;
the intake of biotin in men with sparse hair has obvious effect on preventing hair loss;
During pregnancy, biotin will be significantly lost, should be reasonably supplemented under the guidance of a physician.
the enemy of Vitamin H: raw protein (which contains a protein that interferes with the absorption of biotin-avidin), water, sulfonamides, estrogen, food processing, alcohol.

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:12

D-Biotin - Toxicity

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toxicity

GRAS(FDA,& sect;182.5159,& sect;182.8519,2000).

Food additives, maximum allowable usage, maximum allowable residue standard

Chinese name of additive: Biotin
permitted use of this additive food Chinese name: Sports Nutrition Food
additive function: nutrition enhancer
maximum allowable usage:(g/kg Nutrition Fortifier)
maximum allowable residue (g/kg)

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:14

D-Biotin - Food sources

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in milk, beef liver, egg yolk, animal kidney, strawberry, grapefruit, grapes and other fruits, lean meat, brown rice, beer, wheat contains biotin. Vitamin H is usually contained in B- complex and multivitamin preparations.

Foods rich in the vitamin

dish: mustard double-crisp, crab meat broccoli, mustard spinach, fish-flavored potherb flower, oil-fried bighead carp, fried three silk, egg yolk pumpkin
soup cooking with chowder soup; Carrot stewed mutton, pine-blossom mussel soup, stewed radish beef, Yinqi mingmu soup, chicken liver and carrot soup, beef and vegetable soup
juice: Mango grapefruit juice, mango orange apple juice, papaya ginger juice, Aloe lemon juice, orange lemon juice, apricot and kiwi juice, mango orange apple juice

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:14

D-Biotin - Widely used

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biotin, known as Vitamin H, enables the body to convert food into its own energy. Biotin contributes to the health and regeneration of cells. Diabetic patients can improve the regulation of blood glucose by biotin. Biotin is also required for the health of hair and nails.

Health care use

diabetes: supplementation with biotin, biotin helps improve the regulation of blood sugar by improving the use of insulin and blood sugar.
hair and nails: biotin supplement can repair weak and bursting toenails and fingernails and improve hair health. Biotin can also repair those premature gray hair caused by low levels of biotin.
genetic problems: some infants do not make good use of biotin and need biotin supplementation.
skin problems: some skin diseases, such as milk scab, can be improved by biotin supplementation.
muscular dystrophy: Biotin can be used as part of a course of treatment for certain muscle-related disorders.
nutritional health: Biotin can help to lose weight in the human body to carry out more effective metabolism.
infectious diseases: Biotin can be used as a treatment for intestinal Candida (an infection of yeast).
according to research, folic acid and biotin compatibility can effectively prevent teratogenesis. In 2008, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare has officially announced that biotin and folic acid are mandatory nutrients for Japanese pregnant women. It is certain that the decision of the Ministry of Health and Welfare will greatly promote the sales of biotin in Japan, and at the same time, it will further promote the global consumption of biotin.
US researchers also found that Biotin can promote the decomposition of fats and carbohydrates, so that they can accelerate the conversion of energy needed for adult body activities; If the amount of biotin in the body is insufficient, fat accumulates in the body and causes obesity. This new discovery has laid a solid foundation for the application of biotin in weight loss and slimming health care products, and opened up a broader market for biotin.

cosmetic use

Japanese scholars have also reported that Biotin has an excellent cosmetic effect, and can maintain skin whitening, smooth nails, and the like. This discovery has also opened up a new pharmaceutical use for biotin products. Beauty cosmetics industry is one of the major international industries, the total sales of beauty cosmetics in the international market is far higher than the sales of drugs, biotin in skin, nail (nail) and the new application on the hair will lead to the increase of the sales of pharmaceutical grade biotin.
Vitamin H as a nutritional supplement. According to the provisions of China GB2760-90, can be used in the food industry as processing aids. With the prevention of skin diseases, promote lipid metabolism and other physiological functions. High consumption of raw protein can lead to biotin deficiency.
as a medicine, it is used for treating arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorder, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorder.
for cosmetics, it can improve the speed of blood circulation in the blood vessels of the skin, and it is easy to mix the oil phase in the formulation in the concentration range of 0.1% to 1.0%. In the Skin Care Cream, sports medicine, foot pain cream, shaving liquid, shampoo can be used.

Scientific research use

biotin can be used as a label for a nucleic acid probe, which is capable of binding to C at the 5 'position of UTP or glutp of a nucleic acid molecule and can be detected by binding to avidin. In the detection process, biotin is used only as a fixed connection, not as a signal detection.

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:16

D-Biotin - Physiological function

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The human body needs about 100 to 300 micrograms per day. Raw egg white has a kind of avidin protein (egg protein, avidin) can combine with biotin, the combined biotin can not be absorbed by the digestive tract; Cause animal body biotin deficiency, then appear loss of appetite, tongue inflammation, dandruff dermatitis, hair removal, etc. However, there have been no cases of biotin deficiency in humans, probably because intestinal bacteria, in addition to food sources, also synthesize biotin. Biotin is a coenzyme of many enzymes in the human body, involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates in the body; Promote the synthesis of protein; Also involved in the metabolism of vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid; promotes urea synthesis and excretion.

help fat, glycogen and amino acids in the human body for normal synthesis and metabolism;
promote the normal functioning and growth of sweat glands, nerve tissue, bone marrow, male gonads, skin and hair, and reduce the symptoms of eczema and dermatitis;
Prevention of white hair and hair loss, help to treat baldness; ④ ease Myalgia;
promotes urea synthesis and excretion, purine synthesis, and biosynthesis of oleic acid.
for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorders.

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:13

D-Biotin - Lack of symptoms

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lack of biotin makes people dandruff increased, easy hair loss, young white hair;
lack of biotin can cause dark skin, blue face, dermatitis;
lack of biotin can easily lead to depression, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, easy to sleep and other neurological symptoms;
lack of biotin can be easy to fatigue, lazy, Myalgia.

signs of biotin deficiency: including dermatitis, eczema, atrophic glossitis, hyperesthesia, myalgia, lassitude, anorexia and mild anemia, alopecia

Last Update：2022-01-01 08:48:13

D-Biotin - Reference Information

NIST chemical information	information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link)
EPA chemical substance information	information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link)
Introduction	D biotin is an eight form of water-soluble vitamin, biotin, also known as vitamin B7. It is a coenzyme-or accessory enzyme-used in many metabolic reactions in the body. D-biotin is involved in lipid and protein metabolism, helping to convert food into glucose, which the body can use as energy. It is also important for the maintenance of the skin, hair and mucous membranes.
physiological function	1. Biotin is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, and is also an essential substance for the normal synthesis and metabolism of long chain unsaturated and fatty acids. In addition. Biotin is also involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine and cholesterol metabolism. Biotin plays an important role in protein synthesis, amino acid deamination, purine synthesis, carbamoyl transfer, leucine and Tryptophan Catabolism. It is also necessary for the transfer decarboxylation of various amino acids. 3. Involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Biotinases are involved in catalytic decarboxylation and carboxylation reactions and are essential components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is involved in and affect the formation of pyruvate decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid, malic acid into pyruvic acid, succinic acid and propionic acid interconversion, oxalyl succinic acid into n ketone dicarboxylic acid metabolic process. 4. Participate in the metabolism of other substances biotin also as a coenzyme component in other nutrients such as methyl transfer reaction and glucose metabolism and other metabolic processes. At the same time, biotin is also related to the activation of lysozyme and the function of sebaceous gland, and is closely related to the metabolism of folic acid and pantothenic acid. The human body needs about 100-300 micrograms per day. There is an anti-biotin protein in raw egg white, which can combine with biotin, and the combined biotin can not be absorbed by the digestive tract; Cause the animal body biotin deficiency, then appear loss of appetite, glossitis, dandruff dermatitis, hair removal, etc. However, there have been no cases of biotin deficiency in humans, probably because intestinal bacteria, in addition to food sources, also synthesize biotin. Biotin is a coenzyme of many enzymes in the human body, involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates in the body; Promote the synthesis of protein; Also involved in the metabolism of vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid; promotes urea synthesis and excretion. (1) help fat, glycogen and amino acids in the body for normal synthesis and metabolism; (2) promote sweat glands, nerve tissue, bone marrow, male gonads, normal functioning and growth of skin and hair, relieve eczema, dermatitis symptoms; ③ prevention of white hair and hair loss, help to treat baldness; ④ remission Myalgia; (5) promoting urea synthesis and excretion, purine synthesis and oleic acid biosynthesis. 6 for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorders.
Application	biotin is an essential coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Involved in the interconversion between carbohydrates and proteins, the conversion of proteins and carbohydrates into fats. And as a coenzyme of carboxylase, transfer carboxyl group and fixed carbon dioxide. Also as a prosthetic group of many enzymes, it acts as a carboxyl carrier, fixing carbon dioxide and decarboxylation in carbohydrate metabolism. Biotin is involved in the metabolism of sugar, protein and fat in the form of coenzyme in animals. Biotin is necessary to maintain the development of animal skin, hair, hoof, reproductive and nervous system, and can also improve feed utilization and weight gain. When the lack of slow growth, reproductive disorders, dermatitis, hair removal, skin keratinization. Pig common skin ulceration, oral mucosa inflammation, Diarrhea, spasm, hoof crack and bleeding. Mainly used for Vitamin H deficiency caused by pathological changes and nutritional supplements.
efficacy	1) involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates in the body, is a coenzyme of a variety of enzymes. 2) promote protein synthesis, urea synthesis and excretion. 3) improve the regulation of blood sugar, which is conducive to the health and regeneration of cells.
synthesis method	with fumaric acid (2) as the starting material, after bromine addition, dibromide: the compound is substituted by benzylamine and phosgene ring closure to form imidazolidinone cis-dicarboxylic acid (3), which is then converted to anhydride (4) and ring-opened by cyclohexanol to racemic monoester (5),5 to (). Mono-ephedrine was resolved in high yield into the desired optical isomer (6), the enantiomer of 6 was cycled back to the anhydride (4). The ester bond in 6 is reduced by Lithium borohydride to an alcoholic hydroxyl group and converted into a lactone of the desired configuration (7), and treated with potassium thioacetate to form a thiolactone (8), the intermediate (9), which leads to 3 carbon atoms in the human head in the side chain, is obtained by Grignard reaction and dehydration. Catalytic Hydrogenation saturates the side chain olefinic bond and stereospecifically establishes the third chiral center (10), and is treated with hydrobromic acid to form a cyclic phosphonium salt (11), the biotin precursor (12) is obtained by introducing a human malonate residue on its Ortho carbon atom by utilizing the electrical absorbency of the phosphonium cation. Finally, the optically pure biotin (1) is prepared by acid hydrolysis, removing the benzyl group used to protect the two amino groups and making the malonate into a diacid and decarboxylating. The total yield of the whole process was more than 25%, and the average yield of each step was more than 90%.
biotin	Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin (B7), also known as Vitamin H, low concentration is widely distributed in all animals and plants, and the content is higher in egg yolk, yeast, milk and poultry. In addition, the human intestinal bacteria can also synthesize a large number of biotin, distributed in the whole body tissues, which in the liver and kidney in the most content. Biotin is a trace growth factor contained in every living cell. It is an important coenzyme for fat metabolism and other carboxylation reactions, and maintains the normal growth and development of human beings, there is no shortage of maintaining the health of the skin and bone marrow. The absence of biotin may cause dermatitis, atrophic glossitis, hyperesthesia, myalgia, malaise, anorexia, and mild anemia, and the symptoms disappear with biotin supplementation. Its most common side effect is an outbreak of cystic acne. But for most people, even excessive consumption of this vitamin does not cause a negative effect. However, pregnant women should not take biotin because of the risk of miscarriage.
physical and chemical properties	biotin is widely distributed in plants and animals, and naturally occurring biotin exists mainly in the form of binding with other molecules. The chemical structure of biotin includes a spindle side chain containing five carbon atoms and two five-membered heterocycles, and the spindle group on the side chain is bound to the lysine s residue of the enzyme protein in the body, play the role of coenzyme. There may be 8 different isomers of biotin, of which only D-biotin is biologically active. Under normal circumstances, biotin is quite stable, only in strong acid, strong alkali, formaldehyde and UV treatment will be destroyed. Biotin is the carrier of a carboxyl group in many carboxylation reactions requiring ATP, which temporarily binds to a nitrogen atom in the bicyclic system of biotin, as in the reaction in which pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. FIG. 1 shows the molecular structure of biotin.
biotin and fat metabolism	biotin is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids as a coenzyme of the enzyme, catalyzed formation of malonic acid CoA from ethyl acetate CoA. The reaction is the first step of fatty acid synthesis, and then through the cytoplasmic multi-enzyme complex, fatty acid synthase, from the synthesis of brown acid by the two-CoA. In the reaction of fatty acid carbon chain extension, propylene diphthalein-ACP as the donor of two carbon units participates in the reaction, and propylene diphthalein-ACP is derived from propylene diphthalein-CoA, biotin is essential for the initiation of fatty acid synthesis and for the elongation of fatty acid carbon chains. Biotin deficiency, abnormal lipid metabolism, causing changes in the body's fatty acid composition, saturated fatty acid synthesis, triphthalein glycerol synthesis increased, so that the liver and kidney fat increased 2 to 5 times. Biotin deficiency diet, will make the liver tissue of brown acid to saturation rate increased by 5 times. Palm resting oleic acid increased, stearic acid decreased, biotin is also an essential substance for the normal synthesis and fatty acid metabolism of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Biotin is also involved in the synthesis of choline and the metabolism of cholesterol., leads to the accumulation of linoleic acid in the body.
Source Food	Food origin brown rice, wheat, strawberry, grapefruit, grape, beer, liver, egg, lean meat, dairy products. People in Need good raw eggs and drinking people need to supplement Biotin; People taking antibiotics or sulfonamides should take at least 25 μg per day; Men with sparse hair should take biotin, the effect of preventing hair loss is obvious. During pregnancy, biotin will be significantly lost, should be under the guidance of the Doctor reasonable supplement.
toxicity	the toxicity of biotin seems to be low, treatment of seborrheic dermatitis with high doses of biotin did not reveal abnormal protein metabolism or genetic errors and other metabolic abnormalities. Animal experiments also showed little toxicity of biotin. GRAS(FDA,§ 182.5159,§ 182.8519,2000).
side effects	the outbreak of cystic acne on the jaw and jaw is the most common side effect of biotin. The specific reasons are not well understood, and usually disappear themselves after several weeks. There are also nutritional users who report that acne symptoms can be alleviated when the dose is limited to less than 2500 micrograms. In summary, the situation experienced by each person is slightly different. life-threatening biotin side effects and their rarity. Eosinophilic pleural effusion was the only documented fatal case that resulted in the death of a woman. She takes a lot of biotin along with vitamin B5. To date, it is unclear whether her death was caused by biotin, B5, or a mixture of the two. healthy adults are less likely to develop biotin deficiency. The disease is common in people who overconsume avidin (which can be found in raw eggs), or have skin or hair disorders (such as phenylketonuria). Symptoms of deficiency usually take years to manifest themselves. The study found that about 50% of pregnant women had biotin deficiency. They lack an enzyme that tells the body how to use biotin properly, which can lead to a decline in metabolic function. Most doctors do not recommend biotin nutrition as a therapeutic measure because tests on rats have found that it poses a risk of miscarriage and fetal defects. biotin is often recommended as a nutrient for hair and nail health. Since it also has an effect on carbohydrates, it is also often used to control body weight. Biotin supplements are known for their cosmetic and pro-metabolic effects. The recommended dose varies from 3 micrograms to 5000 micrograms per day, depending on the specific use. Because side effects are rare and relatively easy to control even if they occur, it is a safe nutritional supplement.
identification test	the dropwise added bromine test solution (TS-46) is discolored by a saturated solution of warm water of the sample.
content analysis	accurately weigh about 500mg of sample, mix with 100ml of water, add several drops of phenolphthalein test solution (TS-167), with constant heating and stirring, 0.1mol/L was used. Sodium hydroxide was slowly added dropwise to the suspension until pink. Each ml of 0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution corresponds to 24.43mg of biotin (C10Hl6N2O3S).
Use	as a feed additive, mainly used for poultry and sow feed. The mass fraction of the pre-mix is usually from 1% to 2%. nutritional supplements. According to China's provisions GB2760-90, can be used in the food industry as processing aids. The product has the prevention of skin diseases, promote lipid metabolism and other physiological functions. High consumption of raw protein can lead to biotin deficiency. is a coenzyme of carboxylase, participates in many carboxylation reactions, and is an important coenzyme in the intermediate metabolism of sugar, protein and fat is used as a food fortifier. Can be used for infant food, the use of 0.1~0.4mg/kg, in the drink for 0.02~0.08mg/kg. can be used for protein, antigen, antibody, nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) and other labeling
production method	was obtained by microbial fermentation. obtained by Cysteine synthesis.
category	toxic substances
flammability hazard characteristics	flammability; Toxic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide fumes from combustion
storage and transportation characteristics	ventilation and low temperature drying
fire extinguishing agent	dry powder, foam, sand, carbon dioxide, water mist
toxic substance data	information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link)

Last Update：2024-04-09 20:52:54

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