Lu
Lutetium atomic absorption standard solution
CAS: 7439-94-3;22541-24-8
Molecular Formula: Lu
Lu - Names and Identifiers
Lu - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | Lu |
| Molar Mass | 174.97 |
| Density | 9.84 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Melting Point | 1663 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 3402 °C (lit.) |
| Water Solubility | Insoluble in water. |
| Appearance | powder |
| Specific Gravity | 9.842 |
| Color | Silver-gray |
| Exposure Limit | ACGIH: TWA 2 ppm; STEL 4 ppmOSHA: TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3)NIOSH: IDLH 25 ppm; TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3); STEL 4 ppm(10 mg/m3) |
| Merck | 13,5635 |
| Storage Condition | Flammables area |
| Sensitive | Air & Moisture Sensitive |
| MDL | MFCD00011098 |
| Use | Used in electronics industry and scientific research, etc. |
Lu - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R11 - Highly Flammable R36/38 - Irritating to eyes and skin. |
| Safety Description | S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S33 - Take precautionary measures against static discharges. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. |
| UN IDs | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| Hazard Class | 4.1 |
| Packing Group | III |
Lu - Introduction
Soft and malleable. It is relatively stable in the air, can slowly react with water, and can dissolve in dilute acid. Lutetium oxide is white, lutetium salt is colorless.
Last Update：2022-10-16 17:28:17
Lu - Reference Information
| resistivity | 54 ***-CM, 20°C |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Introduction | in the last position (17th position) of the lanthanide, Group 19, atomic number 71. It is the most heavy and largest molecule of all rare earths, and is also the hardest and most corrosion resistant molecule. It is off-white and stable under normal atmospheric conditions. There are 59 isotopes in total. Only two of them are stable: Lu-175, accounting for 97.41% of all natural abundance on Earth. The other is the long-lived radioisotope (Lu-176), which has a long half-life (4.00X10 years) and is therefore considered stable: Lu-176 contributed 2.59% to the natural abundance. |
| Discovery History | George Urbain, French scientist, karl Auer von Welsbach, Austrian mineralogist, and Charles James, American chemist A new element was found from the "Ytterbium" by different separation methods in 1907. They are in the ytterbium oxide minerals, found in the impurity containing americium. The discoverer then debated who was the first to discover the name, and different naming schemes also caused controversy. Welsbach named this element as Cp (casapodium), and urbain named it as Lu(Lutetium) according to the old name of Paris, lutece. The final designation was "lutetum", which was taken from Paris under the Latin name Lutetia, with the post-spelling changed to "Lutetium". |
| Source | is the most abundant element on Earth, 60, 15th in the abundance of rare earth elements. It is the rarest of the lanthanides. It is found in monazite sand (India, Australia, Brazil, South Africa and Florida), which contains a small amount of all rare earths. The concentration of δ in monazite is about 0.0001%. It is difficult to separate it from other rare earths by ion exchange processes. In the pure metal form, it is difficult to prepare, which makes it very expensive. |
| Application | (1) to make certain special alloys. Aluminum alloys, for example, may be used for neutron activation analysis. (2) stable phosphonium species play a catalytic role in petroleum cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation and polymerization reactions. (3) adding elements of yttrium iron or yttrium aluminum garnet to improve some properties. (4) the raw material of the magnetic bubble reservoir. (5) a composite functional crystal doped with yttrium neodymium aluminum tetraborate, belonging to the technical field of salt solution cooling crystal growth, the doped NYAB crystal is superior to NYAB Crystal in optical uniformity and laser performance. (6) according to the research of relevant departments abroad, it has potential applications in electrochromic display and low-dimensional molecular semiconductors. In addition, it is also used for energy battery technology and activator of fluorescent powder. |
| The processing procedure for the preparation of the | mineral is as follows. After crushing, the ore reacts with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to form water-soluble sulfates of various rare earth elements. Thorium hydroxide precipitates out and can be removed directly. The remaining solution requires the addition of ammonium oxalate to convert the rare earth elements to insoluble oxalates. After annealing, the oxalate becomes an oxide, which is redissolved in nitric acid. This removes the main component, cerium, since its oxide is not soluble in nitric acid. Ammonium nitrate can crystallize and separate a plurality of rare earth elements, including phosphonium, in the form of a double salt. The phosphonium can be extracted by ion exchange. In this process, the rare earth ions are adsorbed on a suitable ion exchange resin and exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or copper ions in the resin. With appropriate complexing agents, the phosphates can be washed out separately. To produce the phosphonium metal, a reduction reaction can be carried out with an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal on anhydrous LuCl3 or luf3. 2 LuCl3 3 Ca → 2 Lu 3 CaCl2 |
| production method | calcium thermal reduction of phosphonium fluoride. Smelting equipment for the vacuum induction furnace, the equipment to be able to regulate the control of furnace temperature up to 1800 ℃, temperature control accuracy of ± 10 ℃, furnace vacuum up to 10-5pa. Before using the reducing agent calcium, it needs to be distilled and purified under a helium partial pressure of 799.93PA, and the purified calcium is stored in a sealed drying oven filled with helium to avoid oxidation and absorption of moisture in the air. Reducing agent calcium metal with calcium granules or calcium chips. Fluoride calcium thermal direct reduction using resistance to fluoride corrosion does not interact with the rare earth metal tantalum crucible, by the thickness of 0.3 ~ 0.4mm tantalum sheet from argon arc welding. The protective atmosphere for the reduction was Argon. Mix 10% ~ 15% of the excess metal calcium or calcium particles with the fluoride, compact in a tantalum crucible, cover the lid, and then put into a vacuum induction furnace to start pumping vacuum to 1.3 × 10-4pa, it was slowly heated to 400-600 °c. After deep degassing, the purified argon gas was filled to 6 × 104Pa, and the temperature was further increased to 800-1000 ° C., and the reduction reaction of the burden began to occur obviously. The temperature was then raised to 1800 °c and held for 10-15min to melt the metal and slag and separate them sufficiently from each other. When the tantalum Crucible was cooled, it was transferred to a glove box filled with helium, and CaF2 slag was separated, thereby obtaining a dense metal ingot. The fluoride calcium thermal reduction method can only obtain industrially pure rhodium metal. Generally, the purity of the phosphonium metal is 98%. In order to increase the purity of the reduced product, it is necessary to further purify the melted ingot by sublimation. The tungsten can be sublimated from the tantalum Crucible onto the successive tungsten condensers. Sublimation temperature 1645 C, condensation temperature 850 C. Sublimation rate should be slow 1G/h, a week to refine 168g. The calcium content in the reduced product is generally 0.2%-0.5%, and the tantalum impurity content in the Crucible is about 0.1%-0.5%. |
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:01:54
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