NICKEL
Nickel
CAS: 7440-02-0
Molecular Formula: Ni
NICKEL - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Nickel |
| Synonyms | Nickel ACTIMET C C.I. 77775 nickel(2+) Nickel, Hard Raney-Nickel Nickel, p.a. ACTIMET 8040P Silver Nitrate Solution, 0.25N Nickel wire, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) dia., Annealed |
| CAS | 7440-02-0 |
| EINECS | 231-111-4 |
| InChI | InChI=1/Ni/q+2 |
| InChIKey | PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
NICKEL - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | Ni |
| Molar Mass | 58.69 |
| Density | 8.9 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Melting Point | 1453 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 2732 °C (lit.) |
| Water Solubility | It is insoluble in water. |
| Vapor Density | 5.8 (vs air) |
| Appearance | wire |
| Specific Gravity | 8.9 |
| Color | White to gray-white |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Exposure Limit | TLA-TWA (metal) 1 mg/m3 (ACGIH,MSHA, and OSHA); (soluble inorganic compounds)0.1 mg(Ni)/m3 (ACGIH) 0.015 mg(Ni)/m3 (NIOSH); (insoluble inorganic compounds)1 mg/m3 (ACGIH). |
| Merck | 14,8107 |
| PH | 8.5-12.0 |
| Storage Condition | no restrictions. |
| Stability | Stable in massive form. Powder is pyrophoric - can ignite spontaneously. May react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, hydrazoic acid. Incompatible with acids, oxidizing |
| Sensitive | air sensitive |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Density 6.97 melting point 1453°C boiling point 2732°C |
| Use | Mainly used in the manufacture of electrical carbon products, friction materials, oil bearing and powder metallurgy structural materials |
NICKEL - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R34 - Causes burns R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R43 - May cause sensitization by skin contact R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R10 - Flammable R17 - Spontaneously flammable in air R52/53 - Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R48/23 - |
| Safety Description | S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S60 - This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S22 - Do not breathe dust. S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S15 - Keep away from heat. S5 - Keep contents under ... (there follows the name of a liquid). S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S43 - In case of fire use ... (there follows the type of fire-fighting equipment to be used.) S28 - After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds. |
| UN IDs | UN 1493 5.1/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | VW4725000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 8 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 38151100 |
| Hazard Class | 4.1 |
| Packing Group | II |
| Toxicity | Occupational exposures may occur in its mining, smelting, and refining. The general population ingests nickel in food. Skin sensitization and dermatitis leading to chronic eczema, called “nickel itch,” frequently occurs, especially in wearers of pierced earrings. Nickel can also irritate the conjunctiva and respiratory tract mucous membranes. Absorption from the digestive tract is poor, so systemic poisoning is rare, but since it is an irritant it acts as an emetic. Systemic effects include hyperglycemia, capillary damage, CNS depression, myocardial weakness, and kidney damage. Nickel and its compounds are carcinogenic following inhalation, but not following ingestion or skin contact. Cancer of the lung and nasal passages results, with a latent period of about 25 years; smokers are at greater risk. In addition to irritation and carcinogenesis, nickel carbonyl (nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4) exerts relatively mild, tran_x0002_sientinitial symptoms including headache, giddiness, nausea, and shortness of breath. These symptoms are followed by very serious symptoms hours to days later, consisting of tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, rapid respiration, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and extreme weakness; this can be fatal. Heat decomposition of nickel carbonyl yields carbon monoxide. Chelating agents can be used to remove nickel from the body. |
NICKEL - Upstream Downstream Industry
NICKEL - Reference Information
| pH range of acid-base indicator discoloration | 9 - 11 at 20°C |
| resistivity | 6.97 ***-CM, 20°C |
| (IARC) carcinogen classification | 2B (Vol. Sup 7, 49) 1990 |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Introduction | nickel is located in Group 10(VIII) and is a special triplet of the first series of transition elements (Fe, co, Ni) in the third element. Nickel is a hard, silver-white, malleable metal block or gray powder. Nickel powder is ignition, can spontaneous combustion. It may react vigorously with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate and hydro-diacids. It is not compatible with acids, oxidants and sulfur. The chemical and physical properties of nickel, particularly its magnetic properties, are similar to those of iron and cobalt. Some acids attack nickel, but they also provide good protection against corrosion in air and sea water. This makes it well suited for electroplating other metals to form a protective coating. Nickel is also an excellent alloy metal, especially iron, which can be used to make stainless steel and protective armor for military vehicles. It is extensible and can be drawn into wires. About a pound of nickel metal can be drawn to about 200 miles of thin wire. |
| History of discovery | in 1751, Stockholm (Swedish capital) the Alex Fredrik Cronstedt studies a new metal-called Red arsenic nickel ore (NiAs)-that comes from the Los of Haier Xinlan, Sweden. He thought it contained copper, but he extracted a new metal, which he announced and named nickel in 1754. Many chemists believe that it is an alloy of cobalt, arsenic, iron and copper-these elements appear in trace amounts of pollutants. Pure Nickel was not made by Torbern Bergman until 1775, which confirmed that it was an element. Nickel was first identified as an element by Isolation and was certified by Cronstedt. This metal was derived in pure form by Richard in 1804. The name of this metal comes from two German words, "nickel" and "kupfernickel", which means "Old Nick" (or "spoof") and Old Nick's copper. |
| Source | nickel is the 23th element with the highest content in the crust. It is somewhat abundant, but scattered, accounting for 1% of the igneous rocks. Nickel metal is present in meteorites (as with some other elements). It is believed that the molten nickel, together with iron, constitutes the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth. It can be found in most meteorites, especially in iron-alloyed meteorites or siderite. Its average concentration in seawater was 0.56 μg/ mL. Nickel is one of the main components of the Earth's core, accounting for about 7%. There are many types of nickel ore, one is the main ore of nickel, called bentonite (NiS? 2 FS es), I .e., iron/nickel sulfide. The other is a mineral called nicotine ore (NiAs), which was discovered in 1751 and was first found in a mining area in Sweden. To date, the largest nickel mining area is located in Ontario, Canada, from which it is thought to be recovered from a huge meteorite that falls into the earth. Since both Earth and meteorites were formed in the early stages of the solar system, a large amount of nickel deposition is one reason for the theory that the Earth's core theory is the melting of nickel and iron. Some nickel ores have also been found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Scandinavian. Traces of nickel are present in soil, coal, plants and animals. |
| Application | nickel plating for various alloys, such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; For coins, electronic versions, batteries; magnets, lightning rods, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, mechanical parts; Catalysts for the hydrogenation of oil and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. Manufactured in Monel metal, stainless steel, heat-resistant steel, heat-and corrosion-resistant alloys, nickel-chromium resistance wires; In alloys used in electronic and space applications. Uses nickel is used in various alloys, such as German silver, monel and Nichrome; For coins; Coins, metals, etc. In batteries; In spark plugs; And as hydrogenation catalysts. |
| preparation | nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore concentrates using a pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process. The nickel powders obtained by roasting and smelting were further cleaned by electrical, vapor and hydrometallurgical refining methods. A portion of the matte surface was baked to obtain a commercially available nickel oxide agglomerate. 99.9% pure nickel can be obtained by electrolytic refining process. The purest nickel (99.97%) was obtained by gas phase metallurgy. In this process, also known as the Mond method, a mixture of nickel and copper sulfide is converted to an oxide and then reduced by heating with moisture at 350-400°C. The resulting active form of nickel was treated with carbon monoxide to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter response is reversible. Heating produces pure nickel and carbon monoxide. |
| Overview | nickel is a slightly yellow silvery white metal, hard, easy to polish, magnetic (not as good as iron and cobalt) and good plasticity. Density 8.902g/cm3, melting point 1453 ℃, boiling point 2732 ℃. The chemical properties are more active. It has good corrosion resistance, is difficult to oxidize in air at room temperature, is not easy to react with concentrated nitric acid, and can resist alkali corrosion. The fine nickel wire is flammable, reacts with halogen when heated, and slowly dissolves in dilute acid. Can absorb a considerable amount of hydrogen. It is mainly used to manufacture various alloys composed of iron, copper, zinc and other metals. It is widely used in cutting-edge technology, high temperature ceramic products, corrosion resistant alloys, chemical equipment, electronic and electrical equipment, special Ware, glass and other industries. Adding nickel in steel can improve the toughness and corrosion resistance of steel, such as nickel steel, chromium nickel steel, etc. |
| properties | the configuration of the outer electron layer of the nickel atom is [Ar] 3 d84s2, when the compound is formed, the two electrons on the 4S orbit of the outermost layer can be lost, and the electrons on the 3d orbit of the sub-outer layer can also be lost. Therefore, nickel has valence states of 2, 3 and 4, bivalent is the stable valence of nickel. There are two crystalline states of metallic nickel: α-nickel crystals are in the compact hexagonal system and β-nickel crystals are in the face-centered cubic system. Nickel has good mechanical strength, ductility and magnetic properties, with hydrogen and carbon dioxide absorption characteristics. The main physical properties of Nickel Nickel also has good chemical stability, is one of the best corrosion resistance of heavy non-ferrous metal materials. Nickel is stable in air, fresh water and sea water under normal conditions. Its corrosion resistance in indoor atmosphere is better than that of silver, copper and brass, and its corrosion rate is very slow in air containing sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Nickel has good corrosion resistance in inorganic acids, organic acids and other media, and corrosion resistance in various concentrations of molten alkali, molten alkali metal salts and their solutions. Pure Nickel has no tendency to corrosion cracking, but when sulfur is contained, intergranular corrosion will occur. The reason why nickel has such good corrosion resistance is that a strong protective film is formed on its surface to prevent corrosion from proceeding. Nickel is slightly oxidized in air at about 500 ℃, and rapidly oxidized above 750 ℃. The main products of nickel and oxygen are nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel oxide (Ni2O3). Nickel oxide is easily reduced by hydrogen above 230 C, and the reduction is rapid and complete above 700 C. |
| compound | nickel reacts with oxygen, sulfur, chlorine and other elements to produce a variety of compounds, nickel compounds having industrial value include nickel oxide, nickel sulfide, nickel chloride, nickel hydroxide, nickel sulfate, and the like. (2015-11-23) |
| resources | The crust abundance of nickel is 99 × 10-4%, and the seawater contains 5 × 10-8% of nickel. The world has been mined nickel ore nickel sulfide ore, nickel oxide ore and arsenic nickel ore. Nickel is also present in the seabed manganese nodules. The main minerals in the nickel sulfide ore are nickel pyrite [(Ni,Fe)9S8], nickel containing magnetic pyrite [(Ni,Co)3S4] and antimony pyrite (NiSbS). Nickel sulfide ores are usually associated with chalcopyrite (CuFeS) and contain varying amounts of cobalt, gold, silver, and platinum group elements. The nickel content of nickel sulfide ore fluctuates greatly, and the mining grade is generally 0.3% ~ 2.0%. Canada, the former Soviet Union, China, Australia and Botswana and other large state-owned nickel sulfide ore, of which the Canadian Forest Lake (Lym) is the world's largest copper and nickel deposits. The most important mineral in nickel oxide ore is hydrous nickel magnesium silicate ((Ni,Mg) SiO3 · nH2O), common are dark nickel serpentine, slip surface dark nickel Ridge and nickel chlorite. Nickel oxide ore contains almost no copper, sulfur and platinum group elements, but often contains cobalt and a large amount of iron, and its gangue usually contains a large amount of clay, quartz and talc. Nickel oxide ore usually contains 0.5% ~ 1.5% nickel, a small number of rich ore containing nickel up to 5%~ 10%. New reagent has the world's largest nickel oxide ore, and Cuba, Indonesia, the Philippines, Brazil, Dominican and China have large nickel oxide ores. The arsenic minerals of nickel are red arsenic nickel ore (NiAs), arsenic nickel ore (NiAs2) and arsenic nickel ore (NiAsS). Large-scale arsenic deposits of nickel have not been found in the world. At present, the main raw material for nickel extraction is nickel sulfide ore, but the proportion of nickel oxide ore is increasing year by year. The world's nickel reserves are estimated to be 57 million t, of which more than 80% are located in Cuba, Canada, former Soviet Union, South Africa, Greece, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Yugoslavia, Brazil, China and Dominican. |
| extraction metallurgy | According to the types of treated minerals can be divided into the treatment of nickel oxide ore, treatment of nickel sulfide ore and nickel-containing pyrrhotite. All kinds of mineral treatment methods have two types of processes: Fire method and wet method. The intermediate products obtained from mineral treatment are generally nickel (Ni), nickel iron (NI), nickel oxide or nickel sulfide. The nickel phosphates were blown to give high nickel phosphates. The high nickel phosphonium treatment separates nickel sulfide or crude nickel or is treated with a wet process as a nickel-containing solution. The smelting product may be metallic nickel (nickel or nickel powder) or nickel compounds such as ferronickel or nickel oxide. Nickel electrolysis, hydrogen reduction or carbonyl nickel method are used respectively in the preparation of metallic nickel according to the different raw materials of nickel-containing intermediate products. |
| nickel sulfide ore treatment | nickel sulfide ore containing 0.3% ~ 2% nickel, direct smelting is not economic, the copper-nickel mixed concentrate containing more than 4% to 7% of nickel is usually selected by mineral processing method, or the nickel concentrate, copper concentrate and magnetic sulfur iron concentrate are further selected, this mixed concentrate or nickel concentrate is then subjected to smelting to extract metallic nickel. Extraction of nickel can be carried out by fire or wet process. (1) fire process. It includes charge preparation, blast smelting, low-nickel blast blowing, high-nickel blast treatment, and metallic nickel production. First, the material is prepared by mineral processing to enrich the nickel; Second, the roasting, so that part of the iron sulfide in the concentrate is oxidized to iron oxide, and part of the sulfur is removed. Smelting is to heat and melt the concentrate or roasted ore and the flux, so that the copper, nickel, cobalt and precious metals in the burden are enriched in the low nickel, while the gangue and most of the iron are slag, separation from low nickel phosphonium. The low nickel matte converter blow is to blow air into the low nickel matte for smelting, and at the same time, to add a flux such as limestone to remove iron and some sulfur. The high copper nickel matte produced contains 70% to 75% of nickel and copper, sulfur 20% ~ 25%. The treatment of high nickel matte is by stratified smelting method (see high nickel matte stratified smelting method), grinding and flotation separation method (see high nickel matte grinding and flotation separation method) or selective leaching method (see high nickel matte selective leaching method) A nickel sulfide concentrate is obtained; Or the nickel sulfide concentrate is calcined to nickel oxide and then reduced to crude nickel. The production of metallic nickel is Electrolytic refining of nickel sulfide or electrolytic refining of crude nickel into electric nickel; Nickel powder and nickel pellets can also be produced by carbonyl nickel method; Electrolytic nickel can also be produced by selective leaching of high nickel (Ni)-Nickel electrolytic deposition, or the use of hydrochloric acid and chlorine leaching method for the production of nickel powder. (2) wet process. Direct treatment of nickel sulfide ore or concentrate can simplify the smelting process of nickel, improve the recovery rate of nickel and improve the working conditions. Due to the slow dissolution rate of sulfide at atmospheric pressure, pressure leaching is usually used. Sulfuric acid solution can be used for leaching, and alkali (ammonia) solution can also be used. The nickel sulfide ore or concentrate is first ground. The pulp is made, heated by a pump to a pulp heater, and then leached in a pressure boiler. Nickel powder can be produced by hydrogen reduction method after liquid-solid separation and purification of impurities from the leached pulp. Nickel sulfide cobalt concentrates are treated by pressure acid leaching at Port Nickel Refinery, Sherritt Gor-don Mines Ltd., Canada. The nickel sulfide concentrate and high nickel content were treated by pressure ammonia leaching, and finally nickel powder was produced by hydrogen reduction method. |
| nickel extraction from nickel oxide ore | nickel oxide ore generally has low nickel content (0.5% ~ 1.5%) and is difficult to be enriched by mineral processing, more direct smelting. Smelting method according to different nature of ore fire method and wet method. The fire method is divided into the blast furnace smelting of nickel oxide ore and the production of nickel and iron oxide ore. Wet oxidation of nickel ore leaching, and ammonia leaching and acid leaching method. Generally, blast furnace smelting is used for vulcanization Smelting. Pyrite or gypsum is added as a sulfurizing agent during smelting, so that nickel oxide in the ore is converted into nickel sulfide to form low nickel oxide, which is then blown into high nickel oxide to produce metallic nickel. Ferronickel method is the ore in the rotary kiln after preheating or partial pre-reduction, adding coke powder in the electric furnace for reduction smelting to produce crude ferronickel, and the refined ferronickel containing about 29% of nickel and cobalt is produced by blowing. Nickel-iron containing 90% nickel and cobalt can also be produced by oxygen blowing and cast into an anode for electrolysis to produce nickel. The ammonia leaching of nickel oxide ore is the selective reduction roasting of the ore to make the nickel into a metal state, and then the nickel is leached with ammonium carbonate solution, and finally the basic nickel carbonate is precipitated. Basic nickel carbonate can be calcined into nickel oxide for sale or with methyl carbonyl nickel method to take nickel powder, can also be re-dissolved, after purification by pressurized hydrogen reduction method to produce nickel powder. Nickel oxide ore pressure acid leaching method, is under high temperature and high pressure in sulfuric acid solution, so that the nickel in the ore into nickel sulfate into the solution, and then hydrogen sulfide to nickel sulfide precipitation output, the metallic nickel is then extracted from the nickel sulfide precipitate. |
| uses | nickel is widely used in the manufacture of various stainless steels, soft magnetic alloys and alloy structural steels, and various nickel-based alloys; nickel powder is used as a hydrogenation catalyst for chemical reactions. Processing pure nickel products are widely used in radio, machinery manufacturing, chemical and other industrial sectors, and can be used to produce a variety of structural components of electric vacuum devices, radio equipment parts, corrosion resistant structural components, precision instrument structural components, chemical corrosion-resistant equipment and important parts of medical equipment. (2015-11-23) |
| identification test | a sample of spongy nickel catalyst about mg was dissolved in about 2ml of hydrochloric acid and diluted to 20ml with water. 5ml of this solution was placed in a test tube, several drops of bromine water were added, and the solution was adjusted to be slightly alkaline with ammonium hydroxide. Add 2-3ml of 1% dimethylglyoxime in ethanol. Should be strong red, with precipitation. The carrier nickel catalyst was analyzed for the resulting ash content, and 5ml of the ash sample was put into a test tube and then subjected to the above-mentioned identification method for the sponge-like nickel catalyst. |
| content analysis | Because of nickel combustion risk, protection devices such as goggles should be worn during operation. Approximately 5g of the sponge-like nickel catalyst wet sample was placed in a 20ml beaker, 10ml of ethanol was added, and the supernatant was decanted off. The addition of ethanol and decanting were repeated five times. Take a clean 30ml round-bottom flask, weigh it, and record it as WF. A sample of the catalyst was removed from the weighed flask and dried for 5H under vacuum heating in a water bath at 60 °c. Nitrogen was charged to restore normal atmospheric pressure and cooled to room temperature. The speed is the same as that of the flask, and is recorded as Wc. The dry sample mass Wc was obtained by subtracting WF from Wc. 30ml of water was placed in a 500ml beaker and a dry sample was added. The flask was washed with 1:1 hydrochloric acid 50ml and the wash was incorporated into the beaker. The Beaker was carefully heated to dissolve the sample and then cooled to room temperature. The 5th filter paper is filtered into a 250ml volumetric flask, and water is added to set the volume, which is the sample solution. Take 5ml of the above sample solution and put it in a 200ml beaker. 2g of tartaric acid and 100ml of water were added, heated to about 80 °c, and 30ml of 1% dimethylglyoxime in ethanol were added. Additional ammonium hydroxide was added to make the solution slightly alkaline and then heated on a steam bath for 20min. The precipitated metal was filtered into a constant-weight porous glass filtration crucible and washed with hot water until the filtrate was chlorine-free. The precipitate was dried at 120 °c for more than 2H to constant weight and weighed. The percentage of nickel is calculated according to the following formula: 10(Wp20.32)/ Ws medium%-mass of precipitate, g;20.32-percentage of nickel in precipitate; Mass of Ws dried sample, g. The supported nickel catalyst was filled in a 100ml porcelain crucible with a pulp of ashless filter paper in a half amount. Accurately weigh about 2g of granular or flaky refined catalyst and store it in the upper part of the pulp. The Crucible was transferred to a muffle furnace at room temperature, and the temperature was slowly increased to 650 ° C., The stearate was slowly melted into pulp, and the organic material was slowly burned and charred. Heating was continued at 650 °c for 2H until char completion. After cooling, 20ml of hydrochloric acid was added, the whole was transferred into a 400ml beaker and carefully evaporated to dryness on a steam bath. Cool, add 2ml hydrochloric acid, warm and assist dissolution (it is impossible to completely dissolve when the catalyst contains silicon), transfer into a 500ml volumetric flask, mix with water after being fixed. If there is any solid matter, take 50ml into a 400ml beaker and dilute to 250ml with water. If there is suspended matter in the volumetric flask, filter through a dry medium speed filter paper into a drying receiver, it is then extracted from the receiver and added with "tartaric acid 2G......" The procedure was started to constant weight. Finally, the percentage of nickel can be calculated by the following formula. Nickel content (%) = 10(Wp20.32)/ Ws-mass of precipitate, g; 20.32-percentage of nickel in precipitate; Ws-sample volume, g. |
| toxicity | GRAS(FDA § 184.1537,2000). |
| Use limit | is not restrictive and is limited to G.MP (FDA § 184.1537,2000). GB 2760-96:GMP is limited. |
| Applications | mainly used in the manufacture of electrical carbon products, friction materials, oil bearing and powder metallurgy structure material used as hydrogenation catalyst, also used in nickel salt manufacturing used in the production of high quality stainless steel, high temperature high strength alloy, precision alloy, other nickel-containing alloy, processing pure nickel, nickel products for electro-vacuum used as catalyst analytical reagent. Used for diamond blade, saw blade, grinding wheel, hollow thin wall drill and other products. Conductive additives for active substances, its unique chain bead structure can produce a good conductive network, used in the production of conductive coatings, paints, adhesives, conductive tape and other industries. Catalysts for the hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances, the preparation of nickel salts, electroplating, alloys. |
| production method | 1. Nickel oxide is reduced by hydrogen under heating conditions, and the different heating temperatures of powdered nickel: NiO + H 2 = Ni + H 2 O can affect the properties of the obtained nickel powder. If the reduction reaction is carried out at 270-280OC, the obtained nickel powder is very stable and suitable for the hydrogenation of organic compounds; If it is maintained at 600-700OC, the reaction speed can be increased, and the reduction time will be shortened by 2-3 times. 2. NiO obtained by thermal decomposition of Nickel nitrate Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O hexahydrate was introduced into high-purity, oxygen-free H2 dried by P2O5 at 300-400 ℃ and reacted for 15H. The resulting metal powder was transferred into a small glass bubble connected to the instrument under sealing. The metal powder may also be stored in a bottle and covered with ethanol. 3. High pressure hydrogen reduction method in an autoclave, a basic nickel carbonate slurry is reduced with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to obtain nickel powder having an average particle size of 1.0 to μm. 4. Evaporation and condensation method nickel metal is heated to 1425 ℃ that is vaporization, the vapor can be prepared by rapid condensation of nickel powder. The evaporation temperature can be reduced by evaporation in a vacuum environment. For example, nickel vapor is obtained by heating to 700 ° C. Under a pressure. Different ways of quenching, the formation of nickel powder has its own characteristics. A solution of 380g of sodium hydroxide and 1.5 L of distilled water was placed in a 4 L beaker equipped with an efficient stirrer, and the beaker was placed in an ice bath to cool the solution to 10 °c. 300g of nickel-aluminum alloy (containing about 50% nickel) were added to the solution in small portions with stirring at such a rate that the temperature did not exceed 25 °c. When all of the alloy was added (approximately 2 hours), stirring was stopped, the Beaker was removed from the ice bath, and the contents were allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was placed on the Steam Bath until the evolution of hydrogen became slower again (about 8-12 hours). The heating should not start too quickly, otherwise the solution will bubble over. The volume of the solution is kept constant during heating, and distilled water may be added if necessary. After heating, the nickel was allowed to sink and most of the liquid was poured off, and then distilled water was added to restore the solution to its original volume; The nickel was stirred and suspended, and then allowed to sink, and the solution was poured out. The nickel was then transferred to a 2-liter beaker with distilled water and decanted. Add a solution of 54g of sodium hydroxide and 500 of water, Stir to suspend the catalyst and let it sink; Pour out the alkali solution, so that the nickel is washed with the method of suspension and dumping in distilled water until the washing water is neutral to the Litmus, this is washed 10 more times to completely remove the base (20 to 40 washes are required). According to this washing procedure, washing was repeated three times with 95% of 200 ethanol each time, and finally, washing was repeated three times with absolute ethanol. The catalyst was then filled in a bottle of absolute ethanol and the bottle was tightly packed. The product is highly flammable and therefore must be kept below the liquid level at all times, with a Raney nickel content of about 150g in the suspended matter. |
| spontaneous combustion temperature | 87°C |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life-and health-threatening concentration | 10 mg Ni/m3 |
Last Update：2024-05-28 16:22:42
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