144-62-7
Oxalic acid
CAS: 144-62-7
Molecular Formula: C2H2O4
144-62-7 - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Oxalic acid |
| Synonyms | BETZ 0295 Kleesαure Oxalic acid ETHANEDIOIC ACID DI-CARBOXYLIC ACID Kyselina stavelova DICARBOXYLIC ACID C2 PH STANDARD SOLUTION OXALATE BUFFER OXALATE ION CHROMATOGRAPHY STANDARD |
| CAS | 144-62-7 |
| EINECS | 205-634-3 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C2H2O4/c3-1(4)2(5)6/h(H,3,4)(H,5,6)/p-2 |
144-62-7 - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C2H2O4 |
| Molar Mass | 90.03 |
| Density | 0.99 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Melting Point | 189-191℃ |
| Boling Point | 365.1°C at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point | 188.8°C |
| Water Solubility | 90 g/L (20℃) |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in benzene and chloroform. |
| Vapor Presure | 2.51E-06mmHg at 25°C |
| Appearance | White crystal |
| Storage Condition | 2-8℃ |
| MDL | MFCD00002573 |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | character: colorless transparent crystal.
|
| Use | Mainly used as reducing agent and bleaching agent, printing and dyeing industry mordant, also used to extract rare metals, synthesis of various oxalate, oxalate and oxamide, etc |
144-62-7 - Risk and Safety
| Hazard Symbols | Xn - Harmful |
| Risk Codes | R21/22 - Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
| Safety Description | S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
| UN IDs | UN 3261 |
144-62-7 - Upstream Downstream Industry
144-62-7 - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
colorless transparent crystal, often containing two molecules of crystal water. When heated to 98-100 °c, the oxalate hydrate loses water of crystallization. Anhydrous oxalic acid is a colorless and odorless solid with deliquescence, and has two crystal forms of rhomboid and monoclinic. At room temperature, the rhomboid oxalic acid crystals are thermodynamically stable, while the monoclinic oxalic acid crystals are thermodynamically metastable. The melting point and density of rhombohedral oxalic acid crystals are slightly higher than that of monoclinic oxalic acid. Anhydrous oxalic acid melting point 189.5 C (decomposition). Partial decomposition begins at 157 °c I formic acid, carbon monoxide and water are formed when oxalic acid is completely decomposed upon accelerated heating. Soluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in benzene, chloroform and petroleum ether. In case of high heat, open flame or contact with oxidant, there is a risk of combustion. Toxic gases are generated by thermal decomposition.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
144-62-7 - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
The furnace gas is refined and pressurized, and Countercurrent contact with sodium hydroxide solution at a certain temperature generates sodium formate. The sodium formate aqueous solution was concentrated by evaporation and centrifuged to obtain sodium formate crystals. The sodium formate is converted into sodium oxalate in a calciner, and the sodium carbonate is removed by washing with water and filtration, followed by reaction with slaked lime. The resulting calcium oxalate is filtered off and decomposed with sulfuric acid. The calcium sulfate was filtered off, and the obtained crystals of oxalic acid were purified by recrystallization. Alternatively, it is prepared by oxidizing ethylene glycol at a certain temperature and pressure with a mixed solution containing 30% ~ 40% sulfuric acid and 20% ~ 25% nitric acid and a vanadium pentoxide catalyst. It can also be glucose, sucrose, starch, dextrin, syrup and other carbohydrates as raw materials, in the presence of vanadium catalyst, through nitric acid sulfuric acid oxidation to produce oxalic acid. The crude product was redissolved with mother liquor and hot water, and was prepared by degreasing, separation, filtration and recrystallization.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:29:49
144-62-7 - Use
Open Data Verified Data
It is mainly used as a reducing agent and a bleaching agent, a mordant for printing and dyeing industry, and also used for refining rare metals and synthesizing various oxalate esters, oxalate salts and oxalyl ammonium salts.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:29:49
144-62-7 - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
5% solution (dihydrate) rat oral LD50:9.5/kg. The product is highly irritating and corrosive. Its dust or concentrated solution can cause serious damage to the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. With strong toxicity and corrosion. The minimum lethal dose of oxalic acid to humans is 71 mg/kg, and the lethal dose to adults is 15-30g. People if oral 5g oxalic acid and oxalic acid that gastrointestinal inflammation, collapse, convulsions and Shock and other symptoms and death. Inhalation of oxalic acid vapor occurs in chronic poisoning, extreme weakness, nasal ulcer, Cough, systemic pain, Vomit and weight loss and other symptoms and protein in the urine. The allowable content of oxalic acid in air is 1g/m3. Staff should be protected. The storage temperature generally does not exceed 40 °c. Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. Protection from direct sunlight. Keep the container sealed. Should be stored separately from the oxidant, alkali.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:29:50
144-62-7 - Relevant parameters
1. Reference value of hydrophobic parameter (XlogP):-0.3
2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 2
3. Number of hydrogen bond receptors: 4
4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 1
5. Topological molecular polar surface area (TPSA):74.6
6. Number of heavy atoms: 6
7. Surface charge: 0
8. Complexity: 71.5
9. Number of isotope atoms: 0
10. Determine the number of atom stereogenic centers: 0
11. Number of uncertain atomic stereogenic centers: 0
12. Quantity of chemical bond stereogenic center: 0
13. Quantity of uncertain chemical bond stereogenic center: 0
14. Number of covalent bond units: 1
15. Molar volume (m3/mol):50.8
16. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K):155.3
17. Surface tension (dyne/cm):87.3
18. Polarizability (10-24cm3):5.72
19, molar refractive index: 14.44
Last Update：2024-05-06 11:31:37
144-62-7 - Introduction
oxalic acid is generally colorless and transparent crystal, widely distributed in plants, animals and eukaryotes, and plays different functions in different organisms. Has an important role in industry, oxalic acid can remove rust. Oxalic acid is found in nature, often in the form of oxalate in plants, almost all plants contain calcium oxalate. Oxalic acid is harmful to the human body, which will cause the pH of the human body to lose balance and affect the development of children. The study found that more than a hundred kinds of plants are rich in oxalic acid, especially in spinach, amaranth, sugar beet, purslane, taro, sweet potato and rhubarb and other plants in the highest content, due to oxalic acid can reduce the bioavailability of mineral elements, in the human body, it is easy to form calcium oxalate with calcium ions, which leads to kidney stones. Therefore, oxalic acid is often considered as an antagonist for the absorption and utilization of mineral elements.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Physical and chemical properties
acidic
acid than acetic acid strong, can make sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) decomposition. The first-order ionization constant of oxalic acid is 5.6 × 10-2, and the second-order ionization constant is 1.5 × 10-4.
instability
oxalic acid is thermally decomposed with CO, CO2 and H2O.
HOOC-COOH → CO CO2 H2O
The Laboratory can use this reaction to make CO.
reducibility
oxalic acid has strong reducibility and can be oxidized to CO2 by an oxidant. Oxalic acid can fade KMnO4, this reaction can be used to titrate the concentration of KMnO4, can be washed to sputter the ink on the Strip.
esterification reaction
oxalic acid can react with alcohols to form esters. For example, oxalic acid reacts with ethanol to form diethyl oxalate.
ionization of oxalic acid
despite being a carboxylic acid, oxalic acid is a relatively strong acid:
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Preparation
oxalic acid industrial production methods mainly include: Sodium Formate method, oxidation method, carbonyl synthesis method, ethylene glycol oxidation method, propylene oxidation method, carbon monoxide coupling method.
In the past industry, wood chips and strong alkali were fused at 240~250 C, and oxalate was first prepared, and then oxalic acid was obtained by acidification. Later, oxalic acid was produced by sodium formate dehydrogenation. Industrial carbon monoxide (such as yellow phosphorus production tail gas) is absorbed by caustic soda to prepare sodium formate, which is dehydrogenated at 380 ℃ to obtain sodium oxalate, and then treated with lime and sulfuric acid to prepare oxalic acid. Reaction formula:
- CO NaOH─→HCOONa
- 2HCOONa─→(COONa)2 H2
- (COONa)2 Ca(OH)2─→(COO)2Ca 2NaOH
- (COO)2Ca H2SO4─→(COOH)2CaSO4
modern industry is mainly used in the following three methods.
carbohydrate oxidation
starch, glucose, dextrin, molasses and the like are oxidized with nitric acid at 73 to 80 ° C. To obtain oxalic acid. Taking starch as an example, starch with a purity of 85% (mass) is dispersed in an aqueous solution containing 10% (mass) of oxalic acid or in the mother liquor of other intermediate products, heated with acid and refluxed for 6H, the intermediate product glucose was obtained first, and then nitric acid and iron-vanadium catalyst were added at 63 ° C. For further hydrolysis. After the reaction was completed, oxalic acid was obtained by refining, and the yield was about 63%-65%. This method is currently only United chemical company in the United States is still in use.
ethylene glycol oxidation process
developed by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan in the 70s. Its oxidation process is very similar to the oxidation of starch, the first will be concentrated ethylene glycol aqueous solution is heated to 60 ℃, then nitric acid (or mixed acid of nitric acid and sulfuric acid) is added under strong stirring, at 57~60 ℃, the reaction is carried out at normal or elevated pressure. When the conversion was 80% ~ 85%, the temperature was raised to 77 °c to continue the oxidation, and the total reaction time of each batch was about 10~12h. The product was cooled, crystallized and filtered to obtain oxalic acid with a purity of 99.9% and a yield of more than 90%. 1kg ethylene glycol consumption of nitric acid (100%) 2.6.
oxidation of propylene
developed for the French company Rhone-Planck in the 70s. The process is carried out in two steps. First, propylene is oxidized by nitric acid to form α-nitric acid lactate, and then oxalic acid is obtained by further catalytic oxidation. The yield of propylene was 90%, and the nitrogen oxides generated by the decomposition of nitric acid in the process could be recycled. The reactants were distilled to remove water, and then separated by crystallization and centrifugation to obtain a technical grade oxalic acid dihydrate compound.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Nutrition and hazards
hazard
oxalic acid is not easy to be oxidized and decomposed in the human body, and the product formed by metabolism is an acidic substance, which can lead to loss of balance of pH in the human body and poisoning when eating too much. And oxalic acid in the human body if the calcium and zinc will produce calcium oxalate and zinc oxalate, not easily absorbed and excreted in vitro. Growth and development of children need a lot of calcium and zinc, if the lack of calcium and zinc in the body, not only can lead to poor bone, teeth, but also affect mental development.
Nutrition
we ingest oxalic acid through many different channels every day. Oxalic acid is present in a small amount in many foods and is very high in a few foods. Cocoa is one of the highest content of food, 100 mg of oxalic acid per 500 grams of cocoa; Green vegetables in the oxalic acid content is generally high, 100 mg per 600 grams of spinach, rhubarb containing 500 mg, beet, peanut, tea also have more oxalic acid. The average person consumes about 150 mg of oxalic acid a day, and the lethal dose of oxalic acid is about 1500 mg.
Toxicology
- Acute toxicity: Rat oral LD50:7500 mg/kg; Mouse peritoneal LC50:270 mg/kg;
- stimulation data: skin-rabbit 500 mg/24 hours mild; Eye-rabbit 0.25 mg/24 hours severe
- is corrosive, irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, inhalation of steam, dust can cause poisoning, swallowing cause gastroenteritis, Vomit, Diarrhea and other symptoms. The minimum lethal dose for adults is 71 mg/kg.
ecological data this substance may be harmful to the environment, and special attention should be paid to the water body. The product is highly irritating and corrosive. Its dust or concentrated solution can cause serious damage to the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. With strong toxicity and corrosion. The minimum lethal dose of oxalic acid to humans is 71 mg/kg, and the lethal dose to adults is 15-30g. People if oral 5g oxalic acid and oxalic acid that gastrointestinal inflammation, collapse, convulsions and Shock and other symptoms and death. Inhalation of oxalic acid vapor occurs in chronic poisoning, extreme weakness, nasal ulcer, Cough, systemic pain, Vomit and weight loss and other symptoms and protein in the urine.
Last Update：2024-05-06 11:32:59
144-62-7 - Toxicity
oxalic acid the scientific name of oxalic acid, chemical formula HOOC-COOH. Around us, oxalic acid is commonly used as a rust remover or can remove ink stains on white clothes, and it is actually a dangerous chemical that can cause death. But we know that the usual love chocolate also contains oxalic acid? Do not panic, this dangerous situation rarely occurs. We ingest oxalic acid through many different channels every day. Oxalic acid is present in a small amount in many foods and is very high in a few foods. Cocoa is one of the highest content of food, 100 mg of oxalic acid per 500 grams of cocoa; Green vegetables in the oxalic acid content is generally high, 100 mg per 600 grams of spinach, rhubarb containing 500 mg, beet, peanut, tea also have more oxalic acid. The average person ingests about 150 mg of oxalic acid a day, and the half lethal dose (LD50) of pure oxalic acid, measured as the effect on rats, is about 375 mg per kg of body weight, conversion to a person of about 65kg, about 25 grams of parts. In addition, the lowest lethal oral dose (LD10) is approximately 600 mg/kg.
rhubarb was once called "Edible rhubarb" in the United States. In the past, it was often stewed with sugar. Rhubarb is best known for treating constipation because it contains oxalic acid, a substance that stimulates the intestines to discharge natural toxins. The oxalic acid contained in a bowl of stewed rhubarb is close to the toxic dose. During the First World War, because people eat rhubarb leaves as vegetables, so that oxalic acid poisoning died. There is no need to worry about eating chocolate, no matter how much you love chocolate, but the content of oxalic acid in chocolate is too low, even when you can not eat, the amount of oxalic acid in your body is still less than Diarrhea of what you need.
When rhubarb is popular, the method of cooking rhubarb food is endless, once used to stewed rhubarb with aluminum pot, found unexpected benefits: it can "stewed" The aluminum pot is very clean. The reason for this effect is that oxalic acid can dissolve the aluminum oxide film and the surface metal. Of course, this method can also cause potential harm to Eaters by taking aluminum.
The properties of this interaction with metals of oxalic acid also explain some other surprising anomalies, and this is why nutritionists always say that rhubarb is not good for health: oxalic acid interacts with some inorganic salts necessary for human body, such as iron ion, magnesium ion, especially calcium ion. In our daily nutrition diet, spinach is a kind of iron-rich vegetables, indeed, spinach contains more iron than most other vegetables, 100 grams of spinach contains 4 milligrams of iron! In spite of this, but it contains oxalic acid will make 95% of the iron element can not have a beneficial effect on the human body, that is to say, people can only absorb the iron Element 5%. The famous cartoon character "Popeye" attributed his power to spinach, in fact, this is just a wrong idea. Some scientists believe that, no matter what method is used, spinach can only be used as a common vegetable to eat, in addition to getting the right amount of plant protein and a little VC, it is difficult to get what inorganic salt nutrition. Magnesium ion is the central metal ion of chlorophyll. If the lid is covered when cooking green vegetables, the combined use of oxalic acid and magnesium ions makes the fried vegetables yellow, so open the lid when frying green vegetables, so that oxalic acid can be volatilized in time, to maintain the color of vegetables.
oxalic acid is lethal in that it can reduce the calcium ion content in human blood to a critical level. It is well known that calcium plays a crucial role in maintaining stable acidity and viscosity of the blood, as well as in the transport and clotting of phosphate in the body. If oxalic acid poisoning, how to detoxify may be of concern to you! From the point of view of chemical balance, we should timely supplement the calcium ions in the blood, and the calcium gluconate, which was once a hot spot in TV advertisements, is the antidote for the right medicine. Even if the content of oxalic acid in the body is not enough to make people worry about life, but its effect on calcium ions can not be ignored, because it can form insoluble calcium oxalate, its crystals will be in the bladder, kidney and other organs grow into stones, so that people are very painful. Although we can usually avoid excessive consumption of food, but we can not completely exclude oxalic acid in vitro, because people can be obtained from other sources. For example, the famous chemist Bao Lin once advocated taking a large amount of VC to prevent colds. During the SARS period, health care experts also recommended using VC to enhance body resistance; However, the extreme will reverse the excessive VC, our body is unable to store, and it can be converted into oxalic acid. So excessive intake of VC, easy to cause Diarrhea, and may even suffer from kidney stones. This is likely to happen if we take too little water.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Test method
test according to the analytical method specified in GB1626-88.
- oxalic acid content (in terms of H2C2O4 * 2H2O) Phenolphthalein was used as an indicator and titrated with a sodium hydroxide standard solution.
- sulfate (in terms of SO4) sodium carbonate was added to the sample to generate sulfate in oxalic acid. In order to decompose oxalic acid and Oxalate by heat, the residue solution was subjected to turbidity by adding barium chloride solution to produce barium sulfate.
- ash content was measured in accordance with gb7531.
- Heavy metals (in terms of Pb) were measured in accordance with gb7531.
- iron (in terms of FE) was measured in accordance with gb3049.
- chloride (in terms of Cl) in an acidic nitric acid solution, chloride and silver nitrate form silver chloride, which is then subjected to turbidity.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Industrial processes act
oxalic acid industrial production methods mainly include: Sodium Formate method, oxidation method, carbonyl synthesis method, ethylene glycol oxidation method, propylene oxidation method, carbon monoxide coupling method.
reaction formula
- sodium formate method after carbon monoxide purification under pressure reaction with sodium hydroxide to generate sodium formate, and then by high temperature dehydrogenation to generate sodium oxalate, Sodium oxalate after lead (or calcification), acidification, in the steps of crystallization, dehydration and drying, etc., oxalic acid was obtained as a finished product. Carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide synthesis pressure is generally 1.8-2.0MPa. The dehydrogenation temperature was 400 °c.
- The oxidation method uses a mother liquor of starch or glucose as a raw material and undergoes an oxidation reaction with nitric acid-sulfuric acid in the presence of an alum catalyst to obtain oxalic acid. The nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is sent to the absorption tower for recovery to generate dilute nitric acid.
- carbonyl synthesis carbon monoxide is purified to more than 90%, and carbonylation reaction occurs with butanol in the presence of palladium catalyst to produce dibutyl oxalate, and then oxalic acid is obtained by hydrolysis. This method is divided into two methods: liquid phase method and gas phase method, the reaction conditions of gas phase method are low, and the reaction pressure is 300-400kPa. The reaction pressure of the liquid phase method is 13.0-15.0MPa.
- ethylene glycol oxidation method using ethylene glycol as raw material, in the presence of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, with air oxidation obtained.
- propylene oxidation the oxidation process was carried out in two steps. In the first step, propylene is converted to α-nitrolactic acid by nitric acid oxidation; Then, oxalic acid is obtained by further catalytic oxidation. A mixed acid may also be used as the oxidizing agent in the second step. The industrial grade oxalic acid dihydrate was produced by propylene oxidation with an overall yield of more than 90% based on propylene.
raw material consumption quota: Coke (84%) 100%/t, sulfuric acid (100%)950kg/t, caustic soda () 920kg/t.
In nature, oxalic acid usually exists in the form of salt in many plant cell membranes. In the former industry, wood chips and strong alkali were fused at 240~250 C, and oxalate was first prepared, and then oxalic acid was obtained by acidification. Later, oxalic acid was produced by sodium formate dehydrogenation. Industrial carbon monoxide (such as yellow phosphorus production tail gas) is absorbed by caustic soda to prepare sodium formate, which is dehydrogenated at 380 ℃ to obtain sodium oxalate, and then treated with lime and sulfuric acid to prepare oxalic acid.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Synthetic Methods
ethylene glycol oxidation ethylene glycol was added to the reaction kettle and air-oxidized at 130 °c. The product was obtained by post-treatment. Or, ethylene glycol and water are added into the reaction kettle, heated to 80~85 ℃, 98% nitric acid is added under intense stirring, after reacting for 4 h, it is cooled to 25 ℃ and filtered, and the product is crystallized.
Propylene oxidation method 60% ~ 70% of nitric acid is added into the reaction kettle, at 10~40 deg C into the olefin, (two ingredients ratio 1: 0.1) stirred and dissolved heated to 50~65 deg C, nitrogen oxides were removed. The crystals were cooled to 20 °c and filtered and dried to give a product.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
144-62-7 - Specific use
complexing agent, masking agent, precipitation agent, reducing agent. Analysis for the determination of beryllium, calcium, chromium, gold, manganese, strontium, thorium and other metal ions. Microcrystallite analysis examined sodium and other elements. Precipitation of calcium, magnesium, thorium and rare earth elements. Calibration of standard solutions of potassium permanganate and cerium sulfate solutions. Bleach. Dyeing AIDS. Can also be used to remove the rust on the clothes of the construction industry in the paint before the exterior wall paint, due to the strong alkaline Wall should first brush oxalic acid in addition to alkali.
pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, borneol, vitamin B12, phenobarbital and other drugs. Printing and dyeing industry is used as color dyeing agent, bleaching agent, pharmaceutical intermediates. Plastic industry for the production of polyvinyl chloride, amino plastic, urea formaldehyde plastic.
as a catalyst for the synthesis of phenolic resin, the catalytic reaction is mild, the process is relatively stable, and the duration is the longest. Oxalic acid acetone solution can catalyze the curing reaction of epoxy resin and shorten the curing time. It is also used as a pH regulator for the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin. It can also be added to the polyvinyl formal water-soluble adhesive to improve the drying speed and bonding strength. It is also used as a curing agent for urea-formaldehyde resin and a metal ion chelating agent. It can be used as a promoter for the preparation of Starch adhesive by KMnO4 oxidant, which can accelerate the oxidation rate and shorten the reaction time.
as bleach
oxalic acid is mainly used as a reducing agent and bleaching agent, for the production of antibiotics and borneol and other drugs and extraction of rare metal solvent, dye reducing agent, tanning agent.
Oxalic acid can also be used in the production of cobalt-molybdenum-aluminum catalysts, the cleaning of metals and marble, and the bleaching of textiles.
It is used for metal surface cleaning and treatment, rare earth element extraction, textile printing and dyeing, leather processing, catalyst preparation, etc.
as reducing agent
In the organic synthesis industry is mainly used for the production of hydroquinone, pentaerythritol, Cobalt oxalate, Nickel oxalate, gallic acid and other chemical products.
Plastic industry for the production of polyvinyl chloride, amino plastic, urea-formaldehyde plastic, paint, etc.
The dye industry is used in the manufacture of salt-based products such as green.
Printing and dyeing industry can replace acetic acid, used as color dyes, bleaching agent.
Pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, ephedrine.
In addition, oxalic acid can also be used for the synthesis of a variety of oxalate, oxalate and oxamide and other products, and with diethyl oxalate and sodium oxalate, calcium oxalate and other largest output.
as mordant
antimony oxalate can be used as a mordant, ammonium iron oxalate is a blueprint printing agent.
rust removal function
oxalic acid can be used to remove rust. However, use caution, oxalic acid has a strong corrosion of stainless steel. High concentrations of oxalic acid also tend to corrode hands. And the formation of acid Oxalate solubility is very large, but there is a certain toxicity. When using, do not eat or drink on the line. After contact with oxalic acid, the skin should be washed with water in a timely manner.
method
Buy a bottle of oxalic acid in a store selling chemical reagents, take some, prepare a solution with warm water, and wipe it on the rust stain. Then use metallographic abrasive paper, and finally spray paint. Selling oxalic acid store generally also sold some medical equipment, glass instruments.
Last Update：2024-05-07 12:23:14
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