Name | Boron |
Synonyms | Boron Boron powder Boron crystalline Boron powder amorphous BORON AMORPHOUS POWDER BORON, CRYSTALLINE, PIECES BORON, PRACTICAL GRADE, AMORPHOUSPOWDER |
CAS | 7440-42-8 |
EINECS | 231-151-2 |
InChI | InChI=1/B |
InChIKey | UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Molecular Formula | B |
Molar Mass | 10.81 |
Density | 2.34 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
Melting Point | 2300°C |
Boling Point | 2550°C |
Water Solubility | insoluble H2O [MER06] |
Solubility | H2O: soluble |
Appearance | pieces |
Specific Gravity | 2.34~2.37 |
Color | Dark gray |
Exposure Limit | ACGIH: TWA 2 mg/m3; STEL 6 mg/m3 |
Merck | 13,1333 |
Storage Condition | no restrictions. |
Stability | Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents and strong acids. May decompose on exposure to air - store under nitrogen. Highly flammable. |
MDL | MFCD00134034 |
Physical and Chemical Properties | Gray-black, shiny crystals. The relationship between temperature and crystal form is:>1300 ℃ is high temperature Diamond (β-type);1000~1300 ℃ is tetragonal; 800~1000 deg C for Low Temperature rhombohedral crystal (α-type). The relative density of 2.34~2.37. The melting point of 2300 deg C, sublimation temperature of 2550 deg C. Insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid, ethanol and ether. It is soluble in cold, concentrated alkaline solution and decomposes hydrogen gas. Can be concentrated nitric acid, sulfuric acid and aqua regia oxidation into boric acid. The chemical properties are more active. Stable in air and at room temperature, heated to 300 ° C is oxidized, 700 ° C ignition. When burning, the flame is red, and the boron flame is green. It can interact with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogen and carbon at high temperature. It can be combined directly with many metals to form metal borides. The reaction with an organic compound may result in a-B-C-or-B-O-C-compound. |
Use | For the doping of semiconductor materials Silicon, high temperature resistant materials, high temperature and high power semiconductor and metal spraying additives |
Risk Codes | R22 - Harmful if swallowed R11 - Highly Flammable R63 - Possible risk of harm to the unborn child R62 - Possible risk of impaired fertility |
Safety Description | S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S27 - Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. |
UN IDs | UN 3178 4.1/PG 2 |
WGK Germany | - |
RTECS | ED7350000 |
TSCA | Yes |
HS Code | 28045000 |
Hazard Class | 4.1 |
Packing Group | III |
brown powder. Relative density 1. 73; Melting point 2190 ℃, boiling point 3660 ℃. It is not affected by water, bromine and chlorine at a certain temperature. Unburned boron is soluble in hot nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and molten metals such as iron, magnesium, and aluminum, and is insoluble in water. Low conductivity at room temperature, high conductivity at high temperature, doped with trace carbon can increase the conductivity. Contact with hydrogen iodide can be explosive. Powder and air can form an explosive mixture, when it reaches a certain concentration, when Mars will be an explosion.
using boron trichloride as raw material, high purity amorphous boron was prepared by hydrogen reduction in gas phase after heating.
boron powder can be used for superconducting materials, amorphous alloy materials, aerospace alloy materials, electronic materials, chemical corrosion protection materials, ceramics, enamel glaze, nuclear leakage prevention materials. It is used as a dopant of semiconductor material silicon, a high-temperature high-power semiconductor device material, and an infrared device material. Boron powder added into the metal can be used to manufacture aircraft brake pads, welding materials, borated alloys, amorphous materials. The special steel made of the metal added with boron powder can effectively improve the wear resistance of the mechanical industrial transmission wear and pressure system. Glass industrial processing mixed with a certain amount of boron powder can improve the strength of glass, up to tens of times. High purity boron powder can also be used in the manufacture of drilling tools to replace a variety of industrial cemented carbide drilling tools. Boron powder is widely used in military, Mechanical, Aerospace, chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries.
mouse oral LDso:2000mg/kg. Mild irritation to eyes and mucous membranes. Store in a cool, ventilated, dry warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. Sealed against moisture. It cannot be co-stored and mixed with combustible materials and hydrogen iodide.
resistivity | 1.5E12 ++-cm, 20°C |
NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
Introduction | boron was discovered in 1808 by Sir 0,david and Sir JL Gay-Lussac. Boron is a trivalent non-metallic element that is widely found in evaporated ore sand, borax and sodalite. Boron has never been found as a free element on Earth. Boron appears as charcoal gray fragments or black powder or crystalline. Is a very hard black material with a very high melting point; And exists in many polymorphic forms. There are several forms of boron, the most common being amorphous boron, a dark powder that does not react with oxygen, water, acids and bases. It reacts with the metal to form a boride. Boron is an essential trace element for plants. Sodium borate is used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to prepare buffers. Boric acid is mainly formed by the reaction of borate minerals with sulfuric acid. Boric acid is an important compound for textiles. The economically most important compound of boron is sodium tetraborate decahydrate or borax, used for insulating glass fibers and sodium perborate bleaching agents. Compounds of boron are used in organic synthesis, in the manufacture of specific types of glass, and as wood preservatives. The boron wires are high in strength and light in weight and are therefore used in advanced aerospace structures. |
physical properties | Boron is an element of group IIIA of the second period of the periodic table, chemical symbol B, atomic number 5, with respect to the atomic mass of 10.811, the peripheral electrons are arranged in the Formula 2 s22p1, the number of valence electrons (3) is less than the number of valence orbitals (4), and is an electron-deficient atom, which can form an electron-deficient compound. Boron is a non-metallic element, and naturally occurring boron is composed of two stable isotopes, boron -10 (abundance 19.78%) and boron -11 (abundance 80.22%). Boron has amorphous and crystalline two kinds of simple substance, amorphous boron is Brown black or black powder; Crystalline boron black or silver gray luster, hardness and Diamond similar. Covalent radius 82pm, ionic radius 20pm, ionization potential 800.0kJ/mol, electronegativity 2.0, the main oxidation number +3. The amorphous boron has a density of 2.3g/cm3, the crystalline boron has a density of 2.31g/cm3, a melting point of 2300 ° C., and a boiling point of 2550 ° C. Eight allotropes are known for crystalline boron. The elemental boron crystal is composed of B- 12 of the basic structural units of a regular dodecahedron. Crystalline boron belongs to atomic crystals, therefore, crystalline boron has high hardness, high melting point and boiling point, and is not active enough in chemical properties. |
Discovery History | boron is always present in nature in the form of oxygen-containing compounds, mainly boric acid and various borates. Boric acid is contained in some hot spring water, and borax is the most familiar among all kinds of borates. In addition, boron magnesium ore 2MgO · B2O3 · H2O and boron calcium ore 2CaO · 3B2O3 · 5H2O are important in industry. Gongyuan 2000 years ago, ancient Egypt, Rome, the babinese used borax to produce glass and welding gold. The chemical processing of boron began in the early 18th century, 1702 in hombe (G.Homubbi) boric acid was first prepared by the reaction of natural borax ore with ferrous sulfate. In 1808, British chemist David (H. Et al. Davy) and French chemist Gai lyzac (J.L.Gay-Lus-sac) and Taylor (L.J. Tenard) almost simultaneously with potassium metal reduction of boric acid first prepared elemental boron, but the purity of boron is only 50%. In 1892 the French man H.Moissan made boron with a purity of 98.3% by reduction of boric anhydride with metallic magnesium. In 1909, E.Weintnaub was reduced with a mixed gas stream of hydrogen and boron trichloride on a cold copper anode to obtain high purity boron with a purity of more than 99%. Since the 60 s of this century, a series of boron hydrogen compounds were synthesized, people saw the prospect of boron chemistry, and then not only the bonding characteristics of boron atoms, A great breakthrough has been made in the study of the structure of boron simple substances and compounds, and a series of boron compounds with important application value in modern industry and national defense have been developed, boron has been the most studied element in the field of inorganic chemistry for 20 years. |
nano-energetic material | nano-boron powder is a high-energy combustion component, the volumetric heat value (140kj/cm3) and mass heat value (59kg/g) of the element boron are much larger than those of magnesium, aluminum and other single-molecule energetic materials, and boron powder is a good fuel, in particular, nano-boron powder has high combustion efficiency, so the addition of nano-boron powder to explosives or propellants can significantly improve the energy of energetic material systems. |
Source | The crust abundance of boron is 9 × 10-4%, and the seawater contains 48 × 10-5% of boron. More than 150 kinds of boron ores have been found, mainly borax ore, boric acid ore, boric acid salt ore, Silicon boric acid salt ore, etc. Natural borax ore (Na2O · B2O3 · 10H2O) is mainly produced in the evaporating sediments and sludge of salt lakes and dry salt lakes in arid areas, and is symbiotic with rock salt, natural alkali, anhydrous mirabilite, potassium mirabilite, gypsum, etc, in arid areas, boron Frost is also produced on the soil surface; Boron magnesite (2MgO · B2O3 · H2O) is produced in the contact zone of intrusion and Magnesia limestone or dolomite, and boromagnite and other anhydrous borate minerals, phlogopite, magnesite and other symbiotic; Boromagnite ((MgFe)2Fe (BO3)O2), produced in serpentine fossil dolomite marble or magnesite, often with magnetite, magnesite, diopside, symbiosis of phlogopite. In addition, there are hard boron calcium stone (2CaO · 3B2O3 · 10H2O), alkaline dry salt lake is often deposited with boric acid salt ore. The borate reserves in the world are about 335 ~ 748Mt, and the distribution of resources is very concentrated. Only the United States and Turkey account for 95% of the total boron reserves in the world. China's Qinghai, Tibet and Liaoning (Yingkou, Fengcheng, Kuandian, Ji'an) are rich in boron resources. |
Application | boron is widely used in glass enamel industry, aerospace industry, nuclear industry, metallurgical industry and other sectors. Boron fiber is an excellent reinforcing material with high strength (breaking strength of 2744 ~ 3430MPa at room temperature) and high elastic modulus (39200 ~ 411600MPa). Boron fiber and metal (aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.), a variety of resin (epoxy resin, polyurethane, etc.) and ceramic made of composite materials, is an excellent high temperature structural materials. This high-temperature structural material is used in the military industry and the aerospace industry, such as boron fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites, boron fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites for the manufacture of aero-engine pressurized air blades, fans and aircraft, heat-resistant components of a satellite. Titanium boride particle reinforced ceramic has excellent wear resistance and high toughness (up to 10MPa · m1/2 or more), it is used to manufacture conductive components of heating equipment and ignition devices and wear-resistant structural parts under ultra-high temperature working conditions. Zirconium boride ceramics are used in rocket nozzles and high temperature Fever elements. Boron is an ideal control material for thermal neutron reactors. Natural boron has a large neutron absorption cross section and can be directly used as a reactor control material. The thermal neutron absorption cross section of 10B(n,a)7Li reaction is large, and it can be used as a neutron absorber and shielding material for the reactor. Boron steel, boron carbide, borosilicate glass, and the like are used as control materials for various reactors in the form of rods, plates, aqueous solutions, and the like. 10BF3 was used to make a neutron counter. Boron is particularly active at high temperature, easy to react with nitrogen and oxygen, and is used as a degassing agent and an additive to improve the grain structure of metals in the metallurgical industry. Boron-iron, boron-silicon, boron-aluminum, boron-nickel and so on are widely used in refining alloy structural steel, spring steel, low-alloy high-strength steel, heat-resistant steel, stainless steel and so on. Boron can improve the toughness and wear resistance of cast iron. Boron-containing cast iron is widely used in automobile, tractor, machine tool and other manufacturing industries. Elemental boron is also used as a catalyst for the polymerization and dehydrogenation of olefin organic compounds, lanthanum boride ceramics are used as cathode materials for electronic devices, and single crystal LaB6 is used as cathode materials for high power tubes and magnetrons of field emitters. Lithium borate single crystals are used to manufacture frequency doubling, sum frequency, parametric oscillation and amplifier and intracavity frequency multiplier of high power pulsed laser in far infrared, visible and ultraviolet bands. |
preparation | There are four industrial methods for preparing elemental boron, which are halide hydrogen reduction method, metal thermal reduction method, molten salt electrolysis and thermal decomposition. (1) halide hydrogen reduction method. The mixed gas stream of hydrogen and boron trichloride is decomposed on a hot tantalum wire or tungsten wire to deposit crystalline boron, and the reaction is: 2BCl3+3H2 → 2B + 6HCl. high purity boron with purity up to 99.999% can be obtained by this method. (2) metal thermal reduction method. The raw materials include boric acid, boron oxide, fluoroborate, and borohydride. The reducing agent may be lithium, beryllium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, Mercury, and semi-metallic silicon. More use of magnesium reduction of boric acid, the reaction is: 2HBO3 + 5Mg → 2B + 5MgO + H2O. (3) molten salt electrolysis method. There are three molten salt Systems: a.B2O3 + KCl system; B. Kbf4-kcl system; c.KBF4-KF-KCl system or KBF4-KCl-NaCl system. The boron carbide anode is used in the electrolysis, and the purity of the product element boron is low, generally at the level of 87% ~ 99.8%. (4) thermal decomposition method. The reduction of raw materials is limited to haloborides and borohydrides, such as boron bromide, boron iodide, diborane, etc., and the decomposition temperature is in the range of 1073~1773K. High purity boron can be obtained by this method. |
health hazards | The Nutritional Importance of boron in animals and humans has been extensively studied. There is increasing evidence that boron may be an essential element for animals and humans. Many nutritionists believe that the intake of more boron in the diet brings benefits to the body (e. G., Central) condition. The adverse health effects of boron on humans are limited. However, Ingestion/inhalation can cause mucosal irritation and boron poisoning. Short-term exposure to boron in the working area is known to irritate the eyes, upper respiratory tract and nasopharynx, but with the cessation of further contact, the irritation disappears. A short intake of large amounts of boron (about 30g of boric acid) affects the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys. |
boron simple substance | There are two kinds of amorphous and crystalline boron simple substance, the former is Brown black to black powder, the latter is black to silver-gray in color and has a metallic luster. The relative density of amorphous boron is 2.3, crystalline boron has various polyhedral basic structural units (e. G., B12 icosahedral) composed of a plurality of boron atoms, and is an atomic crystal. The melting point is about 2300 ° C, the boiling point is 2550 ° C, the relative density is 2.34, the hardness is second only to diamond, and it is brittle. Amorphous boron oxidizes slowly in air at room temperature and spontaneously burns at about 800 °c. Boron and hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid do not work even if it is boiled for a long time. It can be slowly eroded and oxidized by a mixture of hot concentrated nitric acid and sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid, and hydrogen peroxide and ammonium persulfate can slowly oxidize crystalline boron. These reagents interact strongly with amorphous boron; When they are fused with alkali metal carbonate and hydroxide mixtures, all forms of boron are completely oxidized; Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and boron react to form the corresponding boron halide; Boron reacts strongly with sulfur at about 600 °c to form a mixture of boron sulfide; boron nitride is formed when boron is heated to above 1000 ℃ in nitrogen or ammonia, and boron and hydrogen do not react at 1800~2000 ℃; boron reacts with silicon at temperatures above 2000 °c to form Silicon boride; At high temperatures, boron can react with many metals and metal oxides to form metal borides. Because boron is particularly active at high temperatures, it is used as alloying agents for iron, manganese and other metals in metallurgy, deoxidizers for steel and copper, and also for heat treatment of wrought iron to increase the high temperature strength of alloy steel. Boron is also used in atomic reactors and in high-temperature technology. Rod-shaped and bar-shaped boron steels are widely used as control rods in atomic reactors. Because of its low density, high strength and high melting point, boron can be used to make some structural materials used in missile and rocket. Boron compounds are also widely used in agriculture, medicine, glass industry and so on. It is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. High-temperature reduction of boron oxides with active metals, reduction of boron halides with hydrogen, and carbothermal reduction of borax, elemental boron can be obtained by thermal decomposition of boron-hydrogen compounds and electrolytic melting of borates or other boron-containing compounds, etc. The crude products obtained by these methods should be vacuum degassed or controlled halogenation to obtain high purity boron. |
Application | for doping of semiconductor material silicon, high temperature resistant material, high-temperature high-power semiconductor and metal spraying additives on plastics such as epoxy resin and metals such as cobalt, tungsten and other reinforcement. With aluminum, titanium composite made of high-performance composite materials. The composite material can work continuously at high temperatures. Boron fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites are used to replace titanium in the manufacture of the bomb, which not only reduces the weight, but also reduces the cost. It can also be used as a protective plate for atomic reactors, thereby preventing radiation. used as a semiconductor dopant, a high-purity reagent, and the like. doping, high temperature resistant material, high temperature and high power semiconductor and metal spraying admixture for semiconductor material Silicon |
production method | Among the production methods of high-purity elemental boron, boron halide (e. G., BCl3, BBr3) hydrogen reduction method. Sodium hydride reduction method: first, sodium hydride is prepared from hydrogen and sodium metal in a hydrogenation reactor, and then it is added to a reactor with a stirrer and a condenser, and then a boron trifluoride diethyl ether complex is slowly added dropwise after slight heating, the generated diborane gas is dried and refined, and then sent to an electrically heated Quartz glass cracker to decompose and precipitate boron at high temperature. Its 2Na + H2 → 2NaH6NaH +8BF3 ·(C2H5)2O → 6NaBF4 + B2H6 +8(C2H5)OB2H6 → 2B +3H2 boron trichloride as raw material, high-purity amorphous boron is obtained by a reduction reaction with hydrogen in the gas phase by heating to below 800 °c. Its 2BCl3+31-12 → 2B + 6HCl boron fibers are usually deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The tungsten wire continuously introduced into the reaction tube was heated to 1000 to 1200 ° C. By direct energization. A mixed gas of Ba3 and H2 was introduced into the reaction tube to cause a reaction on the surface of the tungsten wire to form boron fibers. The 2BC13+3H2 → 2B + 6HCI aluminum reduction method dehydrates industrial borax into anhydrous borax by placing it in a melting furnace at a temperature above 750 ° C. Under normal pressure, after cooling, coarse and fine to the specified fineness, according to the ratio of ingredients and sulfur and aluminum powder mixed thoroughly, put into the cast iron reaction furnace, reaction at high temperature. After cooling, the frit was removed from the furnace, pulverized, and rinsed with hydrochloric acid, then with hydrofluoric acid, then with water and caustic (5% sodium hydroxide solution), and finally with water. Separation, drying, the Crystal element boron product. Na2B4O7 + 4Al → 4B + Na2Al2O4 + A12O3 |
category | toxic substances |
toxicity grade | poisoning |
Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 650 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 560 mg/kg |
explosive hazard characteristics | boron dust self-ignites in the air to be explosive; contact with lead fluoride or silver fluoride can be explosive |
flammability hazard characteristics | boron dust is flammable in air; contact with chlorine or fluorine at room temperature can be spontaneous combustion |
storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature, sealed, with PBO, NA2O2, NOx, SnO2, OF2,FNO2, NH3, BR, etc. are stored separately |
fire extinguishing agent | water, dry powder, carbon dioxide |
toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |