In
In
CAS: 7440-74-6
Molecular Formula: In
In - Names and Identifiers
| Name | In |
| Synonyms | In INDIUM WIRES INDIUM WIRES |
| CAS | 7440-74-6 |
| EINECS | 231-180-0 |
In - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | In |
| Molar Mass | 114.82 |
| Density | 7.3 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Melting Point | 156.6 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 2000 °C |
| Flash Point | 2072°C |
| Water Solubility | insoluble |
| Vapor Presure | <0.01 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| Appearance | wire |
| Specific Gravity | 7.31 |
| Color | White |
| Exposure Limit | ACGIH: TWA 2 ppm; STEL 4 ppmOSHA: TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3)NIOSH: IDLH 25 ppm; TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3); STEL 4 ppm(10 mg/m3) |
| Merck | 14,4947 |
| Storage Condition | no restrictions. |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, sulfur. |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, sulfur. |
| Use | Indium is a chemical element, symbol In and atomic number 49. Indium is a silver-gray, extremely soft, fusible metal. Indium is located in group 13 (13th vertical column of the periodic table). It shows a variety of characteristics. It is considered a metal of the "metal-poor" group. Liquid indium can infiltrate the glass and can adhere to the contacted surface to leave a black mark. Indium has a weak radioactivity, natural indium has two main isotopes, one for In-113 as a stable nuclide, In-115 for beta-decay. Therefore, direct contact is avoided as much as possible during use. |
In - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R25 - Toxic if swallowed R26 - Very Toxic by inhalation R34 - Causes burns R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. R20/21/22 - Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R20 - Harmful by inhalation R11 - Highly Flammable R36/38 - Irritating to eyes and skin. |
| Safety Description | S9 - Keep container in a well-ventilated place. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S28 - After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds. |
| UN IDs | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | NL1050000 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 8112 99 70 |
| Hazard Class | 8 |
| Packing Group | III |
In - Reference Information
| resistivity | 8.37 ***-cm |
| LogP | 5.9 at 22℃ |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Introduction | indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Indium is a silver-gray, extremely soft, fusible metal. Indium is located in group 13 (13th vertical column of the periodic table). It shows a variety of characteristics. It is considered a metal of the "metal-poor" group. Liquid indium can infiltrate the glass and can adhere to the contacted surface to leave a black mark. Indium has a weak radioactivity, natural indium has two main isotopes, one for In-113 as a stable nuclide, In-115 for beta-decay. Therefore, direct contact is avoided as much as possible during use. |
| Discovery History | The indium element was found in 1863 by Reich and Lichte, Germany, when sphalerite was studied by spectroscopy. The discovery of indium is attributed to the discovery of the element thallium, after thallium was found and obtained, Reich, a professor of physics at the School of Mining, Freiberg, Germany, because of some interest in the sexual texture of thallium, it is desirable to obtain enough metal for experimental study. He began his search for this metal in the zinc ore produced by Himmelsf üst in 1863. The main components of this ore are arsenic-bearing pyrite, sphalerite, prolead, silica, manganese, copper and a small amount of tin, cadmium and so on. Reich believes it may also contain thallium. Although the experiment took a lot of time, he did not get the desired elements. However, he obtained a grass-yellow precipitate of unknown composition and was considered to be a new element of sulfide. Only spectral analysis was used to prove this hypothesis. But Reich was color-blind and had to ask his assistant, H.T. Lixtt, for a spectral analysis experiment. In the first experiment, he found an indigo blue bright line in the spectroscope, and the position of the two blue bright lines of cesium did not match, from the Greek "indigo" the term designates it as indium. The two scientists co-signed a report of the discovery of indium. The separation of the metallic indium is done together with both of them. They first isolated indium chloride and hydroxide, using a blow tube on charcoal on the reduction of metal indium, in 1867 at the French Academy of Sciences. In 1863, the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richard found a Indigo blue spectral line when studying zinc blende by spectroscopy, and then obtained a new element by separation and extraction and named indium in indigo. |
| Source | indium is a rather rare metal. It is the 69th most abundant element, comparable to silver at 0.05 ppm. Although it is widely dispersed in the Earth's crust, it is extremely low in concentration and is always combined with other metal ores. It has never been found to have a natural metallic state. Recovered indium is a by-product of smelting other metal ores such as aluminum, antimony, cadmium, arsenic and zinc. Approximately 1,000kg of indium (or 1 part of indium per 1000 parts of dust) are recovered annually from the chimney (stack) of a zinc refinery. Indium is found in metal ores and minerals in Russia, Japan, Europe, Peru and Canada, as well as in the western United States. |
| Application | 1. The first large-scale application of indium was in World War II for the coating of high-performance aircraft bearings. Since then, with the new application of indium in fusible alloys, welding materials and electronic materials, the output of indium has also increased year by year. Especially in the mid and late Eighties, the application of indium phosphide semiconductor and indium tin oxide thin film materials in LCD display panels has attracted much attention. At present, the main application of indium is to form indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes for liquid crystal display and touch screen devices. And this application has greatly increased the amount of indium mining worldwide. 2. Indium is called "alloy vitamin", the use of low melting point of indium alloy can also be made into special alloy, for the fire protection system of the open circuit protection device and automatic control system of the thermal control device, the bearing alloy made by adding a small amount of indium is 4~5 times of the service life of the general bearing alloy. Because indium has strong corrosion resistance and light reflection ability, it can be made as a mirror on a warship or passenger ship. 3. Indium is sensitive to neutron radiation and can be used as a monitoring material in the atomic energy industry. The principle is that indium foil is inserted into a reactor and reacts with neutrons to show radioactivity, which shows the speed of radioactivity, it can be used as a valuable parameter for measuring the reaction. In medicine, indium colloids are commonly used to scan the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Indium alloys can also be used in dental medicine, anti-corrosion decorative parts of steel and non-ferrous metals, plastic metallization and so on. |
| preparation | primary indium is mainly extracted from raw ore, and is also the main source of indium in current smelting. Recycled indium is the smelting of waste metal recovery, mainly from lead, zinc, copper, tin and other ore smelting process recovery by-products, but the total amount of recycled indium is not large. The most common sources of minerals are dark-colored sphalerite (ZnS), anhydrite and hectorite (FeS:ZnS). Indium is also present in tin ores, siderite, manganese and tungsten ores. Gallium is typically associated with indium in zinc and tin ores. Many sulfide ores of copper, iron, lead, cobalt, and bismuth contain small amounts of indium. In some cases, flue dust from zinc smelters contains more than 1% indium and is the largest commercial source of metals. Other commercial sources are plant residues and Tin residues from the refining of zinc, lead and cadmium. Indium is recovered from the zinc processing residue by acid leaching and then chemically separated from the accompanying elemental impurities such as zinc, cadmium, aluminum, arsenic and antimony. Final purification by water electrolysis of the salt at a controlled potential gave the product with a purity of 99.9%. |
| physical properties | indium is a silver-gray, extremely soft, fusible metal. Melting point 156.61 °c. Boiling point 2060 °c. Relative density d7.30. Liquid indium can infiltrate the glass and can adhere to the contacted surface to leave a black mark. indium has a weak radioactivity. There are two main isotopes of natural indium, one of which is In-113 as a stable nuclide and In-115 as a β-decay. Therefore, direct contact is avoided as much as possible during use. indium metal can improve the superconducting critical current density of magnesium diboride: adding indium metal powder in the superconductor magnesium diboride can greatly improve the superconducting critical current density of magnesium diboride, A further step forward towards practical use. When the current density through the superconductor exceeds a certain value, the superconductor loses its superconductivity, which is the critical current density of the superconductor. It is an important index to measure the performance of superconductors. Indium metal powder is added to magnesium diboride, and the wire is processed after heat treatment at 2000 degrees Celsius. The superconducting critical current density is 4 times higher than that without indium, 100,000 amps per square centimeter was achieved. This is the infiltration of indium metal between the grains of magnesium diboride, thereby improving its binding properties. |
| application field | indium ingot because of its strong light permeability and electrical conductivity, it is mainly used for the production of ITO targets (for the production of liquid crystal displays and flat panel screens), which is the main consumption area of indium ingot, accounting for 70% of the global indium consumption. The next few areas of consumption are: the field of electronic semiconductors, accounting for 12% of global consumption; The solder and alloy field accounted for 12%; The research industry accounted for 6%. In addition, because of its relatively soft nature, it is also used in some industries where metal filling is required. Such as: the higher temperature of the vacuum gap filling material. medically, indium colloid is used for scanning of liver, spleen and bone marrow. Indium-DTPA was used for brain and kidney scans. Indium-Fe(OH)3 particles were used for lung scans. The placenta was scanned with indium-Fe-ascorbic acid. The liver blood pool was scanned using indium to deliver ferritin. gallium and indium alloys synthesize liquid metals to form a solid solution alloy that becomes liquid at room temperature with a surface tension of 500 millinewtons per meter. This means that, in the absence of an external force, the alloy remains a nearly perfect sphere when placed on a flat table. When stimulated by a small amount of current, the surface tension of the sphere will decrease and the metal will stretch on the table top. If the charge changes from negative to positive, the liquid metal becomes spherical again. Changing the magnitude of the voltage can also adjust the surface tension of the metal and the viscosity of the metal block to change it to a different structure. The study could also be used to help repair severed nerves in humans to avoid long-term disability. The breakthrough could help build better circuits and self-healing structures, the researchers claim. |
| Applications | dopants for compound semiconductors, high purity alloys and semiconductor materials. for the manufacture of low melting point alloys and indium salts mainly used for making bearings and refining high-purity indium, also used in electronics and electroplating industry mainly used for making bearings and refining high-purity indium, also used in the electronics industry and the electroplating industry It is mainly used as a cladding layer (or made into an alloy) to enhance the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, and is widely used as an electronic device. The alloy coating acts as a reflector. Indium alloys are used as reactor control rods, etc. Indium Phosphide indium antimonide and the like are all semiconductor materials. |
| production method | Industrial production is a variety of waste and intermediate products from the production of lead, zinc, antimony, tin, etc, prepared by oxidation enrichment, extraction, replacement and electrolysis process. |
| category | toxic substances |
| toxicity grade | highly toxic |
| Acute toxicity | subcutaneous-mouse LDL0: 10 mg/kg |
| flammability hazard characteristics | indium powder is flammable under the condition of open flame and high heat; toxic indium oxide smoke from combustion |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored separately from food additives |
| fire extinguishing agent | dry powder, foam, sand, carbon dioxide, water mist |
| Occupational Standard | TWA 0.1 (indium) mg/m3; Tel 0.3 mg (indium)/M3 |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
Last Update：2024-04-09 20:49:11
