LeadingotN
Lead
CAS: 7439-92-1
Molecular Formula: Pb
LeadingotN - Names and Identifiers
LeadingotN - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | Pb |
| Molar Mass | 207.2 |
| Density | 1.00g/mLat 20°C |
| Melting Point | 327.4 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 1740 °C (lit.) |
| Water Solubility | reacts with hot conc HNO3, boiling conc HCl, H2SO4 [MER06] |
| Solubility | H2O: soluble |
| Appearance | wire |
| Specific Gravity | 11.288 |
| Color | Olive-green or red to brown |
| Odor | Odorless gas |
| Exposure Limit | TLV-TWA 0.15 mg/m3 as Pb (ACGIH andMSHA), 0.05 mg (Pb)/m3 (OSHA); 10-hTWA 0.1 mg(inorganic lead)/m3 (NIOSH). |
| Merck | 13,5414 |
| Storage Condition | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, potassium, sodium. |
| Refractive Index | 2.881 (632.8 nm) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Soft metal with blue-gray, metallic luster (face-centered cubic). Melting point 327.5 °c. Boiling Point 1740 °c. Relative density d1811.3437. Soluble in nitric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric acid, insoluble in water. |
| Use | Materials for cables, batteries, Babbitt alloys, cast alloys, and X-ray protection |
LeadingotN - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R61 - May cause harm to the unborn child R33 - Danger of cumulative effects R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R48/20 - R62 - Possible risk of impaired fertility R36/38 - Irritating to eyes and skin. R20/22 - Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R48/20/22 - R52/53 - Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R34 - Causes burns R23/24/25 - Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
| Safety Description | S53 - Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S60 - This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. |
| UN IDs | UN 3082 9/PG 3 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | OF7525000 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 78011000 |
| Hazard Class | 8 |
| Packing Group | III |
| Toxicity | LDLO oral (pigeon) 160 mg/kg PEL (OSHA) 0.05 mg/m3 PEL (action level) 0.03 mg/m3 TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.05 mg/m3 (PEL and TLV apply to lead and inorganic lead compounds) |
LeadingotN - Upstream Downstream Industry
| Downstream Products | Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide lead acetate Lead(II) chromate |
LeadingotN - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
blue-gray metal, soft. Melting point 327.4 °c, Boiling Point 1740 °c. dj0 11. 34. Resistivity cn.cm) 20. 65 (20 °c);27. 02 (100 'IC);54. 76 (320 °c); 96.74 (330 °c). Viscosity of lead in the molten state (cp):3.2(327.4 °c);2.32(400 °c);1.54 (600 °c);1.23 (800 °c). Insoluble in water, soluble in nitric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric acid, alkali. When the powder is heated, exposed to open fire or exposed to oxidant, it will cause combustion explosion.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
LeadingotN - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
99. 999% high purity lead was obtained from lead ingot after electrorefining. Then 99. 999% high-purity lead can be obtained by electrolytic refining with 99. 9999% high-purity lead as raw material.
Last Update：2022-01-01 08:54:11
LeadingotN - Use
Open Data Verified Data
is used for manufacturing compound semiconductors, infrared photoelectric conversion devices, temperature difference elements, and the like. Also used in the production of various batteries, Fuse, lead plate, metallurgical and chemical equipment lining and X-ray protective layer.
Last Update：2022-01-01 08:54:11
LeadingotN - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
inhalation of dust can damage the hematopoietic, nervous, digestive system and kidney. Manifested as chronic poisoning. Short-term exposure to large doses can occur acute or subacute lead poisoning. Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. Keep the container sealed. Should be stored separately from oxidants and acids.
Last Update：2022-01-01 08:54:12
LeadingotN - Reference Information
| resistivity | 20.65 ***-cm |
| (IARC) carcinogen classification | 2B (Vol. 23, Sup 7) 1987 |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Introduction | Lead is a glossy silver metal that loses its luster in the air, and turned dark blue-gray. Since lead was widely used in ancient water pipes, the chemical symbols were derived from lead (it is the Latin word "Waterworks"). There are four electrons in the valence shell of lead, but only two are easily ionized. Thus, the usual oxidation state of lead in inorganic compounds is 2 instead of 4. Lead usually forms stable compounds; The most important are lead oxide (PbO) and lead carbonate (PbCO3)2. |
| physical properties | lead without oxide layer has bright color, high density and very low hardness, which can be cut with a knife, the ductility is very strong but the ductility is weak. The electrical conductivity is relatively low and the corrosion resistance is very high, so it is often used as a container for a highly corrosive substance (such as sulfuric acid). Adding a small amount of antimony or a small amount of other metals, such as calcium, can further improve its corrosion resistance. Because of the low melting point and soft texture of lead, it is easy to process. Lead and tin can be made into alloy "solder", which is the characteristic of low melting point, can be used for welding electronic parts and electronic circuit substrate. |
| Discovery History | lead is one of the first metals used by humans. Human beings have recognized lead 7000 years ago, and in the past years, lead has been smelted from ore. In a museum in the United Kingdom, there is a previously 3000-year-old lead-made Phantom found in the al-baydos masjist in Egypt. Among the materials obtained from the excavation of historic sites in the city of Ur and some other cities in Iraq are documents of clay plates in the form of chees used by the ancient Peros. These records indicate that a significant amount of iron, copper, silver and lead has been extracted from ore in the 2350 years prior to Gongyuan. Mass production of lead began in 1792 bc-1750 under the rule of the emblain Hamurabi. |
| Source | lead is the 35th most abundant element on Earth. Although it has been found to be in the free elemental metallic state, it is usually obtained from a combination of the following ores: galena (PbS), keratinite (PbSO4), copper-iron ore (PbCO3) and minimal iron ore (Pb3O4). Lead ores are located in Europe (Germany, Romania and France), Africa, Australia, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Canada. In the United States, the largest lead deposits are located in Missouri, KS, Oklahoma, Colorado, and MSG. The high-altitude western city of redville, Colorado is one of the most famous mining towns. Prosperity began in the 1860s gold rush, followed by the 1870s and 1880s mining of silver. Today, the city is not only the site of lead mining, but also the site of zinc and molybdenum mining. |
| preparation | lead is usually produced by roasting Galena (PbS) with carbon in an oxygen-rich environment to convert sulfide ores into oxides, the oxide is then reduced to lead metal. Sulfur dioxide gas is produced as waste. By recycling lead products, such as automotive lead-acid batteries, it is also possible to recover large amounts of lead. About 1/3 of all lead used in the United States has been recovered. |
| isotope | lead has 47 isotopes, of which four (208Pb,206Pb,207Pb and 204Pb, in order of content) is stable. Pb-204 accounted for 1.4% of the natural lead content on Earth. In fact, this isotope is not stable, but has such a long half-life (1.4 x 10 17 years), and there are still some ancient sediments, so it is considered stable. The other three stable isotopes of lead and their proportions in the total natural abundance are as follows: Pb-206 = 24.1%,Pb-207=22.1%,Pb-208 = 52.4%. All other isotopes are radioactive. The lead isotope is the final product of each series of three natural radioactive elements: the uranium series is 206Pb, the actinides are listed as 207Pb, and the thorium series as 208Pb. |
| Application | lead is used in the treatment of sulfuric acid, petroleum refining, halogenation, sulfonation, extraction, construction materials for tank linings, pipelines and other equipment for corrosive gases and liquids used in processes such as condensation; For X-ray and atomic radiation protection; Production of tetraethyl lead, paint pigments and other organic and inorganic lead compounds; Bearing metals and alloys; Storage batteries; In ceramics, plastics and electrical equipment; In building construction; In solders and other lead alloys; in the metallurgy of steel and other metals. lead salts (e. G., lead arsenate) have been used as pesticides, but in recent years they have been used no longer, and less harmful organic compounds have been used. Since lead is a cumulative poison, care must be taken in its use. Environmental concerns about lead poisoning have led to the elimination of tetraethyl lead from gasoline. S. Occupation Safety and the Health Administration (OSHA) recommended that the industry limit the level of lead in the air to 50 μg/m3. |
| toxicity | lead is probably one of the most widely distributed poisons in the world. Not only metals are toxic, but most lead compounds are also highly toxic when inhaled or ingested. Some alkali metals, such as lead bases, are toxic when absorbed by skin contact. Workers in industries that use lead need blood and urine tests to determine the amount of lead in their organs. Great efforts have been made to ensure the safety of workers. compared with adults, young children are more likely to cause lead accumulation in the body because of their small size and organs, such as the kidneys, the nervous system and blood-forming organs grow faster. Symptoms may include Head Pain, dizziness, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders and stiffness, resulting in Coma and ultimately death. Lead poisoning can also occur in tap water in pipes welded with drinking lead alloy solder. This risk can be reduced by running the tap water until it cools, thus ensuring a fresh supply of water. another dangerous source of lead is pottery, which are coated with labile lead glaze. Acidic and hot liquids (citrus fruits, tea and coffee) react with lead, adding a small cumulative intake of lead each time. Lead Air pollution remains a problem, but it is not as severe as it was before because tetraethyl lead is no longer used in gasoline. However, lead air pollution remains a problem for people living in countries that are close to lead smelting operations or that still allow the use of lead gasoline. see lead monoxide. |
| Application | is used for compound semiconductor, refrigeration element, infrared photoelectric conversion device, high efficiency temperature difference element and solder, etc. used as analytical reagent and reducing agent used as high-purity analytical reagent and reducing agent used in the manufacture of cable foreskin, storage battery, lead-containing alloy, pigment, ammunition and sulfuric acid production equipment, can also be used as X-ray protection screen, nuclear reactor equipment, etc. for batteries, cables, solder, etc. for cables, batteries, Babbitt, casting alloy and anti-X-ray materials such as determination of tin reducing agent; Reduction of high iron to ferrous iron; For the separation of iridium and platinum and rubidium; alloy manufacturing is mainly used for cables, batteries, lead smelting, scrap copper smelting, printing, soldering, etc. |
| production method | the electrolysis method uses no. 1 lead ingot as a raw material, and adopts the Bett lead smelting method with fluosilicic acid as an electrolysis bath. The electrolytic refining conditions are as follows: the electrolyte composition contains lead 80~100g/L, fluorosilicic acid 90~140g/L, electrolyte temperature 34~40 ℃, cell voltage 0.6~0.7V, current density 0.98~2 A/cm2. After electrorefining, 99.999% high purity lead was obtained. 99.999% high-purity lead was obtained by electrorefining with 99.9999% high-purity lead as raw material. |
| category | toxic substances |
| toxicity grade | poisoning |
| Acute toxicity | intraperitoneal-rat LDL0: 1000 mg/kg |
| flammability hazard characteristics | non-combustible |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored separately from hydrogen peroxide, sodium azide and oxidant |
| extinguishing agent | water, carbon dioxide, foam, dry powder |
| Occupational Standard | TWA 0.1 mg (lead)/m3; Tel 0.3 mg (lead)/M3 |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life and health risk | 100 mg Pb/m3 |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:41:30
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