OXFORD
Hexane
CAS: 110-54-3;92112-69-1
Molecular Formula: C6H14
OXFORD - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Hexane |
| Synonyms | Hexane OXFORD n-Hexane n-Hexane4x1L MARQUIS TEST KIT n-Hexane, Environmental Hexane mixture of isomers n-Hexane, Spectrophotometric |
| CAS | 110-54-3 92112-69-1 |
| EINECS | 203-777-6 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C6H14/c1-3-5-6-4-2/h3-6H2,1-2H3 |
| InChIKey | VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
OXFORD - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C6H14 |
| Molar Mass | 86.18 |
| Density | 0.659 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Melting Point | -95 °C |
| Boling Point | 68.95°C(lit.) |
| Flash Point | 30°F |
| Water Solubility | insoluble |
| Solubility | Very soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether and chloroform. |
| Vapor Presure | 40 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| Vapor Density | 3.5 (vs air) |
| Appearance | Liquid |
| Specific Gravity | 0.660 (20/4℃) |
| Color | Colorless |
| Odor | Mild gasoline-like odor detectable at 65 to 248 ppm |
| Exposure Limit | TLV-TWA 50 ppm (～175 mg/m3) (ACGIH),500 ppm (～1750 mg/m3) (OSHA); IDLH5000 ppm (NIOSH). |
| Maximum wavelength(λmax) | ['λ: 200 nm Amax: ≤0.70', , 'λ: 225 nm Amax: ≤0.10', , 'λ: 250 nm Amax: ≤0.01'] |
| Merck | 14,4694 |
| BRN | 1730733 |
| pKa | >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) |
| Storage Condition | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, chlorine, fluorine, magnesium perchlorate. Highly flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air. Note low flash point. |
| Explosive Limit | 1.0-8.1%(V) |
| Refractive Index | n20/D 1.388 |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | A colorless, volatile liquid with a weak, specific odor. |
| Use | Used in solvents, extraction, organic synthesis, such as cleaning for the electronics industry, as extractant in the pharmaceutical industry, extraction of edible vegetable oils, etc |
OXFORD - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R11 - Highly Flammable R38 - Irritating to the skin R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R65 - Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed R67 - Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness R62 - Possible risk of impaired fertility R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R48/20 - R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. |
| Safety Description | S9 - Keep container in a well-ventilated place. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S29 - Do not empty into drains. S33 - Take precautionary measures against static discharges. S60 - This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S62 - If swallowed, do not induce vomitting; seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. S36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S53 - Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. |
| UN IDs | UN 3295 3/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | MN9275000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3-10 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29011000 |
| Hazard Class | 3 |
| Packing Group | II |
| Toxicity | LC50 (4 hr) in mice by inhalation: 48000 ppm; LD50 orally in rats: 32.0 g/kg (Couri, Milks) |
OXFORD - Upstream Downstream Industry
| Raw Materials | Petroleum benzin |
| Downstream Products | Pyridaben |
OXFORD - Reference Information
| relative polarity | 0.009 |
| olfactory Threshold | 1.5ppm |
| Henry's Law Constant | 0.238, 0.413, 0.883, 0.768, and 1.56 at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively (EPICS, Ashworthet al., 1988) |
| LogP | 4 at 20℃ and pH7 |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Overview | n-hexane alias hexane, molecular formula C6H14, molecular weight of 86.2, belongs to straight chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, obtained by cracking and fractionation of crude oil. Appearance is colorless with a volatile oil flavor, volatile liquid, melting point (MP) of 95 ° C, boiling point of 68.95 ° C, vapor density of 2.97 (Air = 1), almost insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol. N-hexane is an organic solvent, commonly used in rubber, pharmaceutical, perfume, shoes, leather, textile, furniture, paint and other production processes. In recent years, n-hexane as a dilute agent for the production of adhesives, or as an organic detergent, has become the main culprit of the group of occupational n-hexane poisoning events in China. |
| hydrocarbons | n-hexane is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon in petroleum and one of the main components of petroleum ether and naphtha. It is a colorless transparent liquid at room temperature, with a slight oil odor. Volatile, vapor is heavier than air. And air to form an explosive mixture, the explosion limit of 1.18% ~ 7.4% (volume fraction). N-hexane is widely used as edible oil extraction solvent, rubber solvent, artificial leather finishing agent, precision device cleaning agent, clothing detergent, pharmaceutical tablet detergent and mixed solvent. People with acute poisoning in 5000ppm, subjective symptoms of vertigo. In high concentrations can stimulate the eyes, nose and throat mucosa, anesthesia. Animal experiments showed that rats inhaled 400 ~ 600ppm of n-hexane, 45~69 days of the occurrence of left and right symmetry foot drop, nerve fiber hyperplasia. A portion of n-hexane is metabolized in vivo to produce 2-hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) and 2, 5-hexanedione. It is generally believed that such metabolites can hinder the transport of substances within nerve fibers, resulting in nerve damage. When mixed exposure, ethyl methyl ketone can enhance the toxicity of n-hexane, while toluene can reduce its toxicity, and other substances can easily change the toxicity of n-hexane. The maximum allowable concentration in the air of the working environment is 100ppm (360mg/m3) in Japan and 50ppm(180mg/m3) in the United States. The maximum allowable concentration of the isomer is 500ppm(1800mg/m3). there are 4 kinds of isomers in n-hexane, which are colorless, volatile and flammable liquid alkanes with weak special odor. 2-methylpentane (iso-hexane), 3-methylpentane, 2, 3-dimethylbutane (diisopropyl), 2, 2-dimethylbutane (neo-hexane). |
| function and purpose | n-hexane is an organic solvent with good viscosity, which is commonly used in rubber food, pharmacy, perfume, footwear, tape, Balling, grinding, leather, textile, furniture, paint industry, or for dilution, or for cleaning solvents, or for glue. In addition, it can be a solvent for extracting seed oil (seed-oil) (such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil, flax oil, peanut, safflower oil, etc.); It can also be a raw material for manufacturing polymers; such as polypropylene (polypropylene), polyethylene (polyethylene). |
| n-hexane poisoning and health hazards | adverse effects and symptoms of short-term exposure to n-hexane: inhalation or exposure to more than Head Pain mg/kg can result. Acute Diarrhea, face fever, numbness and weakness of fingers and toes. Exposure to more than Nausea mg/kg can also cause, rhinitis and laryngitis. In addition to the above symptoms, exposure to more than 1500mg/kg can cause blurred vision, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Most symptoms disappear within a few months if the exposure is stopped. Aspiration of liquid n-hexane into the lungs can cause Pneumonia. Occupational chronic n-hexane poisoning is a systemic disease mainly caused by nervous system damage due to long-term exposure to n-hexane gas in the production environment. Industrial products in hexane often contain a certain amount of benzene, toluene and other organic matter, vegetable oil extraction, synthetic rubber, polyethylene film printing and other industries can be exposed to hexane solvent. After entering the human body, it mainly affects the energy metabolism of the central nervous system, causing nerve fiber degeneration, leading to neurasthenia syndrome and autonomic nerve dysfunction. The main clinical manifestations were distal limb touch, pain, hypothermia, decreased muscle strength or limb paralysis. At present, there is no unified diagnostic criteria in China, mild patients should be separated from the n-hexane operation as soon as possible, moderate patients generally can be cured, severe patients can leave lifelong disability. In 1957, Italy was the first to report the case of toxic peripheral nerve damage occurred in the shoe industry; In 1968, Japanese scholars reported that the production of plastic sandal workers caused nearly a hundred people of peripheral nerve damage group incidence due to exposure to n-hexane; since then, the United States, Canada, Brazil, South Africa and China's Taiwan, Hong Kong and other places have also been reported chronic n-hexane poisoning. Since the 80 s of last century, our country almost every year there are groups of n-hexane chronic poisoning, especially in recent years, the rapid development of production and processing industry in coastal areas, in the production of shoes, electronic components, in the field of luggage production and other fields, n-hexane chronic poisoning, as a representative disease of organic solvent occupational poisoning, has repeatedly caused serious violations to the health of workers. |
| toxicity | when the boiling point is 62~82 ℃, ADI is limited to GMP (FAO/WHO,2001). |
| usage limit | GMP. |
| Use | used in solvents, extraction, organic synthesis, cleaning in electronics industry, as extractant in pharmaceutical industry, it is also the extractant of edible vegetable oil used in solvent, extraction and organic synthesis, such as cleaning in electronic industry, extractant in pharmaceutical industry, extractant of edible vegetable oil and so on extraction solvent. mainly used as solvent, such as vegetable oil extraction solvent, propylene polymerization solvent, rubber and coating solvent, pigment diluent. For soybean, rice bran, cottonseed and other edible oils and spices in the extraction of oils and fats. In addition, it is a high-octane fuel. solvent. Determination of water in methanol. Ultraviolet Spectrum analysis. Pesticide residue analysis. High performance liquid chromatography. Standard for gas chromatographic analysis. Biochemical studies, protein sequence analysis. Mineral refractive index was measured. Organic Synthesis. Instead of mercury in the thermometer. used as analytical reagent and solvent |
| production method | the content of n-hexane in straight-run gasoline, Platinum Reforming raffinate or wet natural gas is about 1-15%. At present, industrial production is mainly separated from the raffinate oil (containing hexane 11%-13%) of the Platinum Reforming Unit. The raffinate oil is separated by distillation to remove light components and reconstituted to obtain a fraction containing 60%-80% of n-hexane. Double-column continuous rectification is adopted, and then hydrogenation is carried out with 0501 type catalyst to remove benzene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons, and qualified n-hexane is obtained. The United States also uses the adsorption separation method to prepare n-hexane. obtained by fractionation in petroleum fractions (see section 19313). |
| category | flammable liquid |
| toxicity grade | low toxicity |
| Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50:28710 mg/kg; Inhalation-mouse LCL0: 120000 mg/m3 |
| stimulation data | eye-rabbit 10 mg mild |
| explosive hazard characteristics | explosive when mixed with air |
| flammability hazard characteristics | in case of open flame, high temperature, flammable oxidant; Combustion stimulus smoke |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; Stored separately from oxidants and acids |
| extinguishing agent | dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam |
| Occupational Standard | TWA 180 mg/m3 |
| spontaneous combustion temperature | 225°C |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life-and health-threatening concentrations | 1,100 ppm [10% LEL] |
Last Update：2024-06-11 15:50:14
OXFORD - Substance toxicity
Open Data Unverified Data
|
Number |
toxicity type |
test methods |
test object |
dose |
toxic effects |
|
1 |
Acute |
Inhalation |
Human |
190 ppm/8W |
Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - structural change in nerve or sheath |
|
2 |
Acute |
oral |
Rodent - rat |
25 mg/kg |
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value |
|
3 |
Acute |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
48000 ppm/4H |
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value |
|
4 |
Acute |
Intraperitoneal |
Rodent - rat |
9100 mg/kg |
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value |
|
5 |
Acute |
Inhalation |
Rodent - mouse |
120 gm/m3 |
1. Behavioral toxicity Behavi oral-general anestetic 2. Lung, chest, or respiratory toxicity Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression 3. Cardiotoxicity Cardiac - other changes |
|
6 |
Acute |
Intravenous |
Rodent - mouse |
831 mg/kg |
1. Behavioral toxicity Behavi oral-altered sleep time (including change in right reflex) |
|
7 |
Acute |
Intravenous |
Rodent - rabbit |
132 mg/kg |
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value |
|
8 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
2000 ppm/12H/24W-I |
1. Spinal Cord neurotoxicity. Peripheral neurotoxicity peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from Peripheral motor nerve 3. Biochemical-chemical (intermediate)-other proteins |
|
9 |
MutipleDose |
oral |
Rodent - rat |
40 mg/kg/4W-I |
1. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutritical and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or degraded weight gain |
|
10 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
1000 ppm/24H/11W-C |
1. Brain and coverage-recordings from specific areas of CNS 2. Behavioral toxicity Behavi oral-muscle weakness 3. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutrional and Gross metaspic-weight loss or degraded weight gain |
|
11 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
1 pph/6H/13W-I |
1. Brain and coverage-changes in brain weight 2. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutritical and Gross |
|
12 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
476 ppm/6H/4W-I |
1. Lung, chest, or respiratory toxicity Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes 2. Biochemical-environmental inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels-phosphatases 3. Biochemical-environmental inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels-dehydrogenases |
|
13 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
3000 ppm/6H/2Y-I |
1. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutritical and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or degraded weight gain |
|
14 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
500 ppm/24H/9W-C |
1. Peripheral neurotoxicity Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic trauma with or without sensory change 2. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutrional and Gross metaspic-weight loss or degraded weight gain |
|
15 |
MutipleDose |
Intraperitoneal |
Rodent - rat |
18900 mg/kg/35D-I |
1. Peripheral neurotoxicity Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from afferent nerve 2. Peripheral neurotoxicity peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from Peripheral motor nerve 3. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutrional and Gross metaspic-weight loss or degraded weight gain |
|
16 |
MutipleDose |
Intraperitoneal |
Rodent - rat |
4788 mg/kg/7D-I |
1. Hepatotoxicity Liver - other changes 2. Blood toxicity Blood - changes in serum composition (e. G. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) 3. Biochemical-Environmental effects |
|
17 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
1200 ppm/12H/16W-I |
1. Peripheral neurotoxicity peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from Peripheral motor nerve 2. Nutritional and Metabolic system toxicity nutrional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or degraded weight gain 3. Biochemical-chemical (intermediate)-other proteins |
|
18 |
MutipleDose |
Inhalation |
Rodent - mouse |
10000 ppm/6H/13W-I |
1. Sense orgians and Special Senses (olface)-effect, not otherwise specified 2. Behavioral toxicity Behavi oral-changes in motor activity (specific assay) 3. Blood toxicity Blood - changes in other cell count (unspecified) |
|
19 |
MutipleDose |
Intraperitoneal |
Bird - chicken |
18 mg/kg/90D-I |
1. Peripheral neurotoxicity Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - structural change in nerve or sheath 2. Behavioral toxicity Behavi oral-ataxia 3. Chronic disease-Related toxicity Related to Chronic Data - death |
|
20 |
SkinEyeIrrition |
Administration into the eye |
Rodent - rabbit |
10 mg |
1.Mild |
|
21 |
Mutation |
Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
132 mmol/L |
||
|
22 |
Mutation |
Rodent - hamster Fibroblast |
500 mg/L |
||
|
23 |
Tumorigenic |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
1000 ppm/4H/59W-I |
1. Carcinogenicity Tumorigenic-Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria 2. Reproductive toxicity Reproductive-Tumorigenic effects-testular tubular |
|
24 |
Tumorigenic |
Inhalation |
Rodent - mouse |
9018 ppm/6H/2Y-I |
1. Carcinogenicity Tumorigenic-neoplastic by RTECS criteria 2. Hepatotoxicity Liver - tumors |
|
25 |
Reproductive |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
10000 ppm/7H,female 15 day(s) pre-mating |
Reproductive toxicity productive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral |
|
26 |
Reproductive |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
1000 ppm/6H,female 8-16 day(s) after conception |
Reproductive toxicity productive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e. G.%, reduced weight gain) |
|
27 |
Reproductive |
Inhalation |
Rodent - rat |
5000 ppm/20H,female 6-19 day(s) after conception |
Reproductive toxicity productive - Effects on Embrio or Fetus-fetotoxicity (except death, E. G., cracked fetus) |
|
28 |
Reproductive |
oral |
Rodent - mouse |
238 mg/kg,female 6-15 day(s) after conception |
Reproductive toxicity productive - Effects on Embrio or Fetus-fetotoxicity (except death, E. G., cracked fetus) |
Last Update：2024-04-09 19:43:38
OXFORD - Isomer
Open Data Unverified Data
There are five isomers of hexane.
- n-hexane
- 2-methylpentane
- 3-methylpentane
- 2,2-dimethylbutane
- 2,3-dimethylbutane
| Common name | IUPAC naming | structure: |
|---|---|---|
| hexane, n-hexane |
hexane | CH3(CH2)4CH3 |
| isohexane | 2-methylpentane | (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3 |
| 3-methylpentane | CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | |
| 2, 3-dimethylbutane | CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3 | |
| New hexane | 2, 2-dimethylbutane | CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3 |
Its linear compound Is n-hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3.
Last Update：2024-04-09 19:43:38
OXFORD - Oxidation reaction and substitution reaction
Open Data Unverified Data
oxidation
hexane is extremely flammable and its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air. It is highly flammable and explosive when exposed to open flame and high heat. A strong reaction occurs in contact with the oxidant and even causes combustion. In a fire scene, a heated container is at risk of explosion. Its vapor is heavier than air, and it can diffuse to a fairly far place at a lower point, and it will lead back to ignition in the event of an open flame. The products of combustion are carbon dioxide, water, and carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide is produced during incomplete combustion).
The chemical equation for complete combustion of hexane is: 2C6H14 19O2=12CO2 14H2O (condition ignition)
substitution reaction
like other alkanes, hexane can also undergo substitution reaction with halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), and there are many kinds of Substituted compounds. Therefore, hexane must be stored away from halogens (e. G., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine).
Last Update：2024-04-09 19:43:38
OXFORD - Quality Index analysis
Open Data Unverified Data
1. The platinum-Cobalt stock solution for color development (see No.1 of GT-11-1) is 500 to, and this solution (No.10) is used to compare with sample in Nessler's colorimetric tube, the sample should not be deeper than the control solution.
2. Heavy metal a sample of 25ml (about 20g) was evaporated to dryness on a steam bath, cooled, added with 2ml of hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness on a steam bath. Add a drop of hydrochloric acid wet, add 10ml of hot water, hydrolysis for 2min, cooling, water volume to 25ml, as a sample solution, according to the GT-16 method.
3. Non-volatile residue a sample of 125ml (about 100g) was taken. In a constant weight evaporation dish, it was evaporated to dryness on a steam bath. The residue was dried at 105 °c for 30min, cooled and weighed.
Last Update：2024-04-09 19:43:38
OXFORD - Limited amount
Open Data Unverified Data
maximum allowable residue (mg/kg)
The Spice oleoresin was 25, and the hop extract was 2.2. Cocoa butter 5(FAO/WHO,1994).
maximum allowable amount of food additive
generally should be made before the final product out, with the exception of the provisions of the residues in food
Last Update：2024-04-09 19:43:38
OXFORD - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
colorless volatile liquid. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, soluble in ether, chloroform, ketones and other organic solvents.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
OXFORD - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
The raffinate oil (containing 11% to 13% of hexane) of the platinum reformer was separated. The raffinate oil is fractionated and separated to remove light components and recombine to obtain a fraction containing 60%-80% of n-hexane. The double column continuous distillation is adopted, and then the catalyst is hydrogenated to remove benzene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons, and qualified n-hexane is obtained.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:25:24
OXFORD - Use
Open Data Verified Data
It is mainly used as a solvent, such as propylene polymerization solvent, rubber and coating solvent, pigment diluent. For soybean, rice bran, cottonseed and other edible oils and spices in the extraction of oils and fats. High-octane fuel.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:25:24
OXFORD - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
mice inhaled 4H LCsa:48000 x 10-6; Rats oral LD50: 32. N-hexane is low toxic, but its toxicity is greater than that of octyl hexane, and it has high volatility, high fat solubility, and accumulation. The toxic effect is a mild inhibitory effect on the central nervous system and a stimulating effect on the skin and mucosa. Splash into the eye can cause symptoms of conjunctival irritation. Long-term exposure can lead to multiple peripheral neuropathy. Staff should be protected. If the skin and eyes are touched, they should be immediately rinsed with plenty of flowing water.
Last Update：2022-01-01 09:25:25
OXFORD - Introduction
hexane, chemical formula C6H14, is the sixth member of alkanes.
hexane is a commonly used non-polar organic solvent with a gasoline odor, and is widely used in chromatography.
n-hexane as a good organic solvent, is widely used in chemical organic synthesis, mechanical equipment surface cleaning decontamination and other links. But it has a certain degree of toxicity, through the respiratory tract, skin and other ways to enter the human body, long-term contact can lead to the human body Head Pain, dizziness, Fatigue, limb numbness and other symptoms of chronic poisoning, severe can lead to fainting, loss of consciousness, and even death.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
OXFORD - Relevant academic research
chronic peripheral neurotoxicity
to study the time course change characteristics of n-hexane peripheral neurotoxicity, to verify the feasibility of exposure markers through occupation Epidemiologic Study, and to find and explore the biomarkers of early neurotoxicity.
① nine patients with n-hexane poisoning in an electronic enterprise in 2009 were investigated, the occupational history of the patients was collected, and the exposure to poison was identified, the patients were examined by nerve specialist examination and regular nerve electromyography, and the characteristics of nerve electromyography in patients with poisoning were analyzed. (7) taking all workers exposed to n-hexane in a furniture factory in Minhang district as the subjects of the survey, conducting a questionnaire survey and collecting the workers' urine samples, sampling the air in the workshop, the concentration of n-hexane in air and 2, 5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) in urine were measured by gas chromatography to evaluate the exposure level, and the effects of occupational exposure to n-hexane on health were analyzed. ③ rats were given subchronic oral n-hexane at doses of (0, 104mg/kg/d, 417mg/kg/d, 1667mg/kg/d, peripheral nerve injury was verified by specific symptoms and pathological examination, and the amplitude, latency and latency of caudal nerve sensory and motor potential of rats were measured dynamically at multiple time points during exposure by nerve electrophysiology method, several electrophysiological indexes, such as nerve conduction velocity, were compared with the time course change sequence and trend of each index. At the same time, the serum levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), neuron specific alkylase (NSE), nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurofilament protein (NF) were detected. Levels of these several possible early effector biomarkers.
Results: ① the investigation of 9 patients with n-hexane poisoning showed that the Achilles tendon reflex, knee reflex, radial membrane reflex and biceps brachii reflex were weakened or disappeared in the neurological examination, nerve electrophysiological examination showed that the muscle spontaneous generation increased, the phase of contraction was abnormal, the amplitude decreased, the motor unit time was prolonged, the nerve conduction velocity decreased p0.01), the distal latency was prolonged p0.01), the amplitude decreased p0.05. After the nutritional nerve symptomatic treatment supplemented by exercise treatment, 9 patients were improved (p0.05). ② the air concentration range of N-hexane TWA in this furniture factory in Minhang district of Shanghai is 1.8-9.9mg/m3. 206 workers were investigated, and 95.15% of the respondents provided urine samples, the arithmetic mean of urinary HD concentration in workers was 0.50 μg/ml, and the geometric mean was 0.33 μg/ml, there was a certain correlation between HD concentration in urine and air hexane TWA concentration (correlation coefficient 0.174 P = 0.015); there was a certain degree of correlation between the concentration of HD in urine and the total exposure to n-hexane (correlation coefficient 0.280, P = 0.000). There was a correlation between the subjective symptoms of workers and the total exposure to n-hexane (correlation coefficient 0.159,P = 0.045). ③ 18 weeks after the rats were exposed to n-hexane, the hind limbs of the rats in the 1667mg/kg · d dose group were paralyzed, the paralysis rate was 81.2%, the body weight was significantly reduced, and the typical symptoms of peripheral nerve poisoning occurred, pathological changes showed thinning of nerve atrophy, thinning of axons, enlargement of gaps, demyelination and demyelination. Nerve conduction velocity examination showed that the latency of the distal end of the sensory nerve was prolonged by 78.78%,P0.05, the conduction velocity decreased by 64.26%,P0.05, the amplitude decreased, and the indexes changed significantly at 4 weeks. The latency of motor nerve was prolonged by 264.02%, p0.05, conduction velocity decreased by 51.95%,P0.05, amplitude decreased by 62.86%, and the indicators changed significantly after 2 weeks. Several possible early effect biomarkers in serum showed that the content of NSE and NF in rat serum increased, P0.05, the maximum increase was 122.94% and 193.35% respectively. The level of MBP in rat serum was unknown. Significant change, P0.05, serum NGF level decreased at individual time points, p0.05.
Conclusion:
(1) in the case of chronic hexane poisoning, the nerve myoelectricity [electrogram shows that the peripheral nerve of the extremities is damaged, the lower limbs are more serious than the upper limbs, and the motor nerves are more likely to be damaged than the sensory nerves, but the recovery after treatment was better. The condition will continue to worsen within a few months after loss of contact. The changes of nerve electromyography are not completely parallel with the clinical evolution of the disease. The improvement of clinical symptoms precedes the changes of nerve electromyography, in the assessment of the degree of recovery of patients with n-hexane poisoning, even if the clinical manifestations are improved, the performance of nerve electromyography should be paid attention. The treatment of n-hexane poisoning is based on neurotrophic drug therapy, and the prognosis is good.
② workers in furniture factories surveyed in Minhang district of Shanghai were exposed to lower concentrations of n-hexane, among which workers in the glue spraying workshop had the highest exposure concentration, resulting in a corresponding increase in urinary 2,5-HD levels, at this point to Strengthen occupational protection is expected to have a better effect. Under the current exposure limits, the health of workers can be protected.
③ n-hexane on rat peripheral nerve injury caused by obvious toxicity, motor nerve injury earlier than the sensory nerve is more obvious, the nerve electrophysiological indicators of abnormal changes earlier than the actual symptoms, and it has a good correlation with neurobehavioral symptoms, in which peripheral nerve conduction velocity and distal latency are more sensitive. The sensitivity of serum NSE and NF was the highest, the concentration increased earlier than the animal symptoms, and the change range was large, which could be used as the sign of n-hexane toxic effect, the significance of serum MBP as a sign of n-hexane toxicity still needs to be further confirmed.
induced Peripheral nerve injury
to investigate the effect of increased CYP2E1 activity on n-hexane-induced peripheral nerve injury. Methods adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, ethanol group, n-hexane group and ethanol + n-hexane group. Rats in the control group were orally given corn oil; Rats in the ethanol control group were first fed with 30% ethanol for 7 days, and the drinking water contained 4% ethanol; Rats in the N-hexane group were fed with n-hexane, the dose was 1500 mg/kg; Ethanol + n-hexane rats combined with ethanol group and N-hexane group treatment, a total of 16 weeks. After the experiment, liver CYP2E1 enzyme activity detection; Sensory and motor function test; Gait score; Motor nerve conduction velocity measurement; Determination of mitochondrial complex enzyme activity in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve, electron microscopic observation of sciatic nerve. Results after oral administration of human ethanol, the activity of CYP2E1 in liver increased by 42.3%, and the activity of CYP2E1 in n-hexane group and ethanol + n-hexane group also increased by 58.2% and 100.9%, respectively.
The residence time of n-hexane group and ethanol + n-hexane group was longer than that of the control group, but there was no difference between the two groups. The distance between the hind toes of ethanol + n-hexane rats was higher than that of N-hexane group and control group. Compared with the control group and N-hexane group, the conduction velocity and amplitude of tibial nerve in ethanol + n-hexane group decreased. Electron microscopy showed partial release of myelin lamina of sciatic nerve in n-hexane group, vacuolization and balloon change of myelin lamina of nerve in n-hexane + ethanol group. The activity of compound enzyme Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ increased after N-hexane exposure in the spinal cord tissue of experimental rats, while the compound enzyme Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ of ethanol + n-hexane group decreased to the control level, compared with n-hexane group, the activity of compound enzyme II in n-hexane group was significantly decreased, and the activity of compound enzyme II in ethanol + n-hexane group was lower than that in n-hexane group. The activities of mitochondrial complex enzyme Ⅰ and complex enzyme Ⅱ in n-hexane group increased, but the activities of these two complex enzymes decreased after ethanol induction, and the difference was statistically significant compared with n-hexane group. Conclusion the activity of CYP2E1 in the liver is increased after ethanol induction. Ethanol-induced injection of n-hexane can aggravate the peripheral nerve injury caused by n-hexane, accompanied by changes in the activity of mitochondrial ATPase and mitochondrial complex enzyme.
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
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