Name | Glyphosate |
Synonyms | TOTAL TILLER Bronco KERNEL(R) landmaster tumbleweed Glyphosate ENVISION(R) Glyphosate S.P. Rounduuuuup(Monsanto) N-Phosphomethylglycine N-Phosphonomethyl-glycine N-(phosphonomethyl)gtycine Phosphonomethylaminoacetic acid (Carboxymethylamino)methylphosphonic acid |
CAS | 1071-83-6 |
EINECS | 213-997-4 |
InChI | InChI=1/C3H6NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h1H,2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9) |
InChIKey | XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Molecular Formula | C3H8NO5P |
Molar Mass | 169.07 |
Density | 1.74 |
Melting Point | 230 °C (dec.) (lit.) |
Boling Point | 465.8±55.0 °C(Predicted) |
Flash Point | 230°C |
Water Solubility | 1.2 g/100 mL |
Solubility | Slightly soluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. |
Appearance | White powder |
Merck | 13,4525 |
BRN | 2045054 |
pKa | 1.22±0.10(Predicted) |
Storage Condition | APPROX 4°C |
Stability | Stable. Incompatible with metals, strong oxidizing agents, strong bases. May be light sensitive. |
Sensitive | Sensitive to light |
Refractive Index | 1.576 |
MDL | MFCD00055350 |
Physical and Chemical Properties | Density 1.74 melting point 230°C decomposition temperature 230°C water solubility 1.2g/100 mL |
Use | Is a non-selective, non-residual killing herbicide, very effective against perennial root weeds, widely used in rubber, Mulberry, tea, orchard and sugarcane |
Risk Codes | R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. R62 - Possible risk of impaired fertility R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin. R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. R36 - Irritating to the eyes R22 - Harmful if swallowed |
Safety Description | S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S39 - Wear eye / face protection. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. S2 - Keep out of the reach of children. S37 - Wear suitable gloves. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. |
UN IDs | UN 3077 9/PG 3 |
WGK Germany | 2 |
RTECS | MC1075000 |
HS Code | 29319090 |
Toxicity | LD50 in rats, mice (mg/kg): 4873, 1568 orally (Bababunmi) |
Reference Show more | 1. Guo Ruiwei, Bai Shaoling, Yao Yuan, et al. Photosensitive Delayed Release Emulsion Based on Phenyl Vinyl Ketone Amphiphilic Block [J]. Chemical Progress, 2018, v.37;No.316(01):290-298. 2. Qingrong Zhang, Guifang Xu, Lingshan Gong, Hong Dai, Shupei Zhang, Yilin Li, Yanyu Lin, an enzyme-assisted electrochemiluminescent biosensor developed on order mesoporous carbons substrate for ultrasensitive glyphosate sensing,Electrochimica Acta,Volume 3. Li, Y., Zhao, C., Wen, Y. et al. Adsorption performance and mechanism of magnetic reduced graphene oxide in glyphosate contaminated water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 21036-21048 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2282-x 4. [IF = 7.46] Yilin Li et al."Binding-induced internal-displacement of signal-on photoelectrochemical response: A glyphosate detection platform based on graphitic carbon nitride." Sensor Actuat B- Chem. 2016 Mar;224:798 5. [IF = 6.901] Qingrong Zhang et al."An enzyme-assisted electrochemiluminescent biosensor developed on order mesoporous carbons substrate for ultrasensitive glyphosate sensing." Electrochim Acta. 2015 Dec;186:624 |
pure white solid, melting point 230 ° C (decomposition). Difficult to dissolve in general organic solvents. The solubility in water was 1. 2% at 25 °c. Non-flammable, non-explosive, stable storage at room temperature.
with glycine, dialkyl phosphite, paraformaldehyde as raw material by condensation, hydrolysis. Alternatively, each chloromethylphosphonyl dichloride may be prepared from phosphorus trichloride and paraformaldehyde and hydrolyzed to obtain chloromethylphosphonic acid, which may then be reacted with glycine under reflux in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and acidified with hydrochloric acid to obtain glyphosate. Generally processed as an amine salt water.
The oral LD50 of rats and mice was 4873mg/kg and 1568mg/kg. Rats were fed with 2000mg/kg for 90D. There was no abnormal symptoms, and there was no teratogenic, carcinogenic or mutagenic effect in animal test. Rainbow trout LC50 >lOOOmg/L, Daphnia 780mg/L. Low toxicity to peaks and birds.
Decomposition | 230 ºC |
(IARC) carcinogen classification | 2A (Vol. 112) 2017 |
EPA chemical information | Information provided by: ofmpub.epa.gov (external link) |
introduction | glyphosate is an organophosphorus herbicide. It is a non-selective systemic conduction herbicide for stem and leaf treatment. It was developed by Monsanto in the early 2070s. It is usually made into isopropylamine salt or sodium salt when used. Its isopropylamine salt is the active ingredient of the famous herbicide trademark "Roundup. Glyphosate is a kind of efficient, low toxicity, broad-spectrum killing herbicide, which has the effect of internal absorption and conduction. This product dissolves the waxy layer on the surface of the leaf, branch and stem of the weeds, and the medicinal effect quickly enters the plant conduction system to produce an effect, causing the weeds to dry up and die. It can effectively control annual and biennial gramineous, Cyperaceae and broad-leaved weeds. It has a good control effect on perennial bad weeds such as thatch, Cyperus, and Bermudagrass. It is widely used in orchards, Mulberry gardens, tea gardens, rubber plantations, grassland renewal, forest fireways, railways, highway wastelands, and farmland-free chemical weeding. |
application | glyphosate is also called Roundup. Scientific name N-(phosphonate methyl) glycine. The pure product is a non-volatile white solid with an apparent density of 0.5 and a melting point of about 230 ℃, accompanied by decomposition. Generally processed as amine salt aqua. It is a low-toxic herbicide. It has a systemic effect, a wide spectrum of herbicides, and has a control effect on plants of more than 40 families, including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous, annual and perennial, herbs and shrubs. The underground tissue of perennial deep-rooted weeds is very destructive and can reach a depth that ordinary agricultural machinery cannot reach. Suitable for sugarcane, tea, mulberry, sisal, rubber, forest trees, orchards for extermination weeding. It can be prepared from monochloroacetic acid, liquid ammonia, phosphorous acid, formaldehyde, and concentrated sulfuric acid. |
barnyard phosphorus | barnyard phosphorus, glyphosate and amine phosphorus are three kinds of organophosphorus herbicides widely used in China at present, which can effectively control the annual gramineous weeds (barnyard grass, thousand gold, duckbill grass, sedge grass, fluttering grass) and Carex of rice Honda. It was originally successfully developed by the German Hearst company, mainly through the inhibition of glutamine synthetase to inhibit the synthesis of glutamine, thereby destroying the important life process in the plant. Cell division during the biosynthesis of amino acids in the process, causing the plant to stop growing and eventually die. Barnyard phosphorus is absorbed through the roots, coleoptiles and young leaves of the plant. It is usually applied after the crop is sown and before the bud. It can be used for rice Honda, it can also be safely applied in cotton, rape, corn, wheat, soybeans, peanuts, and cucumber fields to prevent annual gramineous weeds and Cyperaceae weeds, such as crabgrass, Setaria, crickets, wild oats, barnyard grass, thousand gold, sedge grass, special sedge, broken rice sedge, deer grass, cow felt, etc.; poor control effect on broad-leaved weeds. |
mechanism of action | glyphosate mainly hinders the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, that is, the synthesis of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine through shikimic acid pathway. It has an inhibitory effect on 5-enolacetonyl shikimate -3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase), which can catalyze shikimate -3-phosphate and enolacetone phosphate to 5-enolacetonyl shikimate -3-phosphate (EPSP) conversion, so glyphosate interferes with this enzymatic reaction of biosynthesis, leading to the accumulation of shikimate in organisms. [4] In addition, glyphosate can also inhibit the activity of other plant enzymes [5][6] and animal enzymes [7]. The metabolism of glyphosate in higher plants is very slow, and its metabolites have been tested to be aminomethylphosphonic acid and methylaminoacetic acid. Because glyphosate has high running performance, slow degradation performance and high phytotoxicity in plants, it is an ideal herbicide to control perennial weeds. [8] The cultivation of glyphosate-resistant plants is currently being studied. Biochemists selected strains containing excessive EPSP from microorganisms, and introduced their related genes into tobacco and soybean tissues to cultivate glyphosate-tolerant plants. |
glyphosate pesticide dosage | 1. weeding in orchards, mulberry fields, etc. uses 0.5-1kg of 10% water per mu to control 1-year-old weeds, and 1-1.5kg of 10% water per mu to control perennial weeds. Spray 20-30kg of water and weed stems and leaves in a directional manner. 2. Farmland weeding. Before cropping and sowing, weeds that have grown in the field should be removed. The amount of medicine can be used according to orchard weeding. Cotton growth period medication, need to use with cover spray directional spray. 0.5-0.75kg of 10% water and 20-30kg of water are used per mu. 3. Weeding at the 4-6 leaf stage of weeds on leisure land, fields and roadsides, 0.5-1kg of 10% water agent, 100 ml of diesel oil, 20-30kg of water and spraying weeds per mu. |
why are there differences in efficacy when glyphosate herbicide is applied | first, there will be differences in efficacy between different farming methods. The use of glyphosate herbicide is best used for no-tillage seeding. Spray the pesticide 1-3 days before the crop is sown, and it can also be sown after spraying for the rush season. Pre-sowing medication is not in direct contact with crop seeds and will not affect crop seed germination and seedling growth, so the weeding and grass suppression effects are better than tillage. No-tillage does not turn the weed seeds in the soil layer to the topsoil layer, so the weed seeds are difficult to germinate. Once the crops grow and close, the weed seeds and seedlings cannot germinate and grow because they cannot see sunlight. Therefore, the weeding effect of glyphosate herbicide on non-cultivated land will be better than that on cultivated land. The second is that weeds are used in different growth stages, and the efficacy will be different. Glyphosate is a systemic conduction herbicide, so it should be used when weeds are growing at their peak. In terms of time, it is generally from March to October. In terms of botanical characteristics, the best time should be used before flowering. Generally speaking, it is most suitable to spray annual weeds with a height of about 15cm, perennial weeds with a height of 30cm and 6-8 leaves. Regardless of the growth period of weeds, after the weeds are aging and then blindly spraying drugs to weed, of course, the ideal control effect will not be obtained. In weeding between crop rows, when there is a certain drop between higher crop plants and weeds, the medication effect is better and safe. At this time, when glyphosate herbicide is used, the lower leaves of the crop have been aged, the sensitivity to the drug is low, and the conduction force is poor, so the drug has little effect on the crop. For example, this method can be used for weeding between corn rows, beans and melons after being put on shelves. Third, the effect of spraying at different concentrations will vary. According to the survey, when farmers use glyphosate, the concentration of glyphosate is not as strict as other pesticides, and the randomness is greater. The phenomenon of increasing or reducing the dosage occurs from time to time. The type of weed must be considered when determining the concentration of the drug. Generally, gramineous weeds are more sensitive to glyphosate and can be killed by low-dose liquid medicine, and the concentration should be increased when controlling broad-leaved weeds; for some perennial rhizome breeding malignant weeds, higher concentrations are required, weeds have large leaf age, increased drug resistance, and the corresponding dosage should also be increased. For example, when controlling weeds in orchards, 500-700g of 10% glyphosate can be added with 30-40kg of water when annual gramineous weeds are controlled. The dosage of liquid medicine should be increased to 750-1000g when controlling annual broad-leaved weeds. When controlling perennial malignant weeds, the dosage should reach 1250-1500g. However, when overdose, it will quickly kill the conduction tissue of the plant, which is not conducive to the absorption of the liquid medicine and reduces the efficacy of the drug. Therefore, in order to use the drug economically, the tender grass should be killed with a lower concentration, and then the corresponding concentration should be used after about 10 days. Directional spray to remove malignant weeds. |
how to give full play to the weeding effect of glyphosate | first, glyphosate liquid must be conducted to the underground rhizome tissue of weeds in large quantities to achieve the weeding effect. This requires weeds to have more leaves. Before use, if the weed area is small and the photosynthesis is not strong, the nutrients stored in the roots will be conducted from bottom to top. At this time, the amount of liquid medicine will be input down to the roots, which will not be effective. In the middle and late stages of weed growth, photosynthesis is strong, and photosynthetic products are conducted from top to bottom. At this time, the medication effect is the best. Therefore, the most important thing to use glyphosate is to choose the best medication period. If glyphosate is used to control weeds in corn fields, it is best to apply 2-3 old residual leaves at the lower part of the corn seedling height of 1.5 meters and the grass height has reached 10cm. The second is to pay attention to environmental conditions. In the range of 24-25 ℃, the absorption of glyphosate by weeds doubled with the increase of temperature, so the medication effect was better when the atmospheric temperature was higher than that when the air temperature was lower. The high relative humidity of the air can prolong the wetting time of the liquid medicine on the surface of the plant, which is beneficial to the conduction of the drug. Soil drought and low water content is not conducive to the metabolism of plants, so it is not conducive to the conduction of drugs in weeds, so the efficacy of the drug is also reduced. Again, on the issue of mixing glyphosate with other herbicides, some farmers want to remove a variety of grasses. In order to save labor, other herbicides are arbitrarily added when using glyphosate, but the result is not good, because some herbicides cannot be mixed with glyphosate, such as dimethyltetrachloro, gram without trace and other quick-acting herbicides cannot be mixed with glyphosate to avoid premature death of overground parts of weeds, the loss of glyphosate's absorption and conduction function reduces the killing effect of glyphosate on underground weed rhizomes. However, adding some plant growth regulators and adjuvants to glyphosate can improve the control effect. The fourth is to choose the best application method. The medication method is very important for glyphosate to control weeds, because the higher the concentration within a certain concentration range, the finer the droplets of the sprayer, which is conducive to the absorption of weeds. Under the same concentration, the more dosage, the better the weeding effect. Adding 0.1% washing powder to glyphosate or adding 30 grams of diesel oil per mu can enhance the spread, permeability and adhesion of the drug and improve the control effect. |
safety issues for crops during use | glyphosate is an extinct herbicide, and improper use will bring safety risks to crops. Some farmers use glyphosate to weed the ridges, often because of the dispersion of glyphosate, causing phytotoxicity to the nearby crops. Some farmers did not clean the sprayer as required after use. As a result, when spraying other pesticides, spraying residual glyphosate on other crops causes damage. In the case of pesticide damage on rice, the light ones lose green leaves, causing serious growth disorders, and the heavy ones may die early, or do not head or degenerate ears, causing losses to rice production. |
toxicity | acute oral LD50 in rats is 4320mg/kg, and acute percutaneous LD50 in rabbits is> 5000mg/kg(7940mg/kg), which has slight irritation effect on rabbit skin and eyes. Rats were fed at a dose of 2000mg/kg for 90 days without abnormal symptoms. No teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects were found in animal experiments. Trout LC50>1000mg/L, Daphnia 780mg/L. Low toxicity to bees and birds. |
use | internal absorption conduction broad-spectrum killing herbicide. Mainly inhibit the enol acetone-based shikine phosphate synthase in plants, thereby inhibiting the conversion of shikine to phenylalanine, choleine and tryptophan, interfering protein synthesis and causing plant death. It was originally used in rubber plantations to control thatch and other weeds, which can make rubber trees 1 year earlier and produce old rubber trees. Now it is gradually promoted in forestry, orchards, mulberry gardens, tea gardens, rice, rice and rape rotation fields. The sensitivity of various weeds to glyphosate is different, so the dosage is also different. For example, annual weeds such as barnyard grass, Setaria, Kanmai Niang, Niujincao, Matang, and Pig, the dosage is 6~10.5g/100 m2 based on the effective ingredients. The dosage of Plantago asiensis, Eupella vulgis and Commelina communis is 11.4~15g/100 m2. For white grass, hard bone grass, reed, etc., it needs 18~30g/100 m2, generally 3~4.5kg of water, and evenly spray weed stems and leaves. It is a non-selective post-bud herbicide with short residual effect. It is used to control perennial deep-rooted weeds, annual and biennial gramineous weeds, sedge and broadleaf weeds Mainly used for weeding in economic crop gardens such as orchards, tea gardens, mulberry gardens Used in orchards, tea gardens, mulberry gardens, farmland-free and roadside weeds control is a non-selective, residue-free herbicide, it is very effective for perennial root weeds and is widely used in rubber, mulberry, tea, orchards and sugarcane fields . it is a broad-spectrum herbicide with internal absorption conduction. it is suitable for weeding in orchards, tea gardens, mulberry fields, rubber and forest trees glyphosate is an organic phosphorus herbicide. its weeding properties were discovered by D.D. Baird and others in the United States in 1971. by the 1980s, glyphosate has become an important herbicide variety in the world. Widely used in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, industrial transportation and other aspects, including forests, rubber plantations, farmland, tea mulberry, orchards, sugarcane fields, border defense roads, forest fire isolation belts, and railways, airports, warehouses, oil depots, power stations, etc. Weeding for farming. Glyphosate decomposes rapidly in the soil and has no effective period. Calibration instruments and devices; evaluation methods; working standards; quality assurance/quality control; other. |
production method | dialkyl phosphite method uses glycine, dialkyl phosphite and paraformaldehyde as raw materials through addition, condensation and hydrolysis. the product purity is 95%, the total yield is 80%, and the cost is low. Preparation of Chloromethylphosphonic Acid by Chloromethylphosphonic Acid Method Phosphorus trichloride and polyformaldehyde react at 200~250 ℃ (corresponding pressure 2.5~3.0MPa) for 3~5h to obtain chloromethylphosphonyl dichloride. Literature reports that the ratio of phosphorus trichloride to polyoxymethylene is (1.2~1.5):1 (mol). The yield is 67% without catalyst, and the yield can be increased to 80% ~ 89% with Lewis acid as catalyst. Domestic research has not yet reached the level of literature. Hydrolysis yields chloromethylphosphonic acid. Synthesis of Cl2P(O)CH2Cl + H2O →(HO)2P(O)CH2Cl + HCl glyphosate equimolar chloromethylphosphonic acid and glycine, in aqueous sodium hydroxide (pH>10), reflux reaction for 10~20h, and then acidified with hydrochloric acid to obtain glyphosate. If acidified to pH 4, it is a sodium salt; pH 8.5 is a disodium salt. If the glyphosate solution is added with equimolar dimethylamine, it is a solution of glyphosate dimethylamine salt. Preparation of iminodiacetic acid by iminodiacetic acid method. Chloroacetic acid is prepared by reacting with ammonia water in the presence of calcium hydroxide, acidification, and then neutralization with sodium hydroxide. The yield is 85%. Or hydrocyanic acid is used as raw material to react with formaldehyde and ammonia, and the yield is 90%. Preparation of Diglyphosate The diglyphosate was prepared by heating and reacting iminodiacetic acid with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid in the presence of sulfuric acid with 90% yield. Synthesis of Glyphosate Diglyphosate is mixed with water and heated with excess hydrogen peroxide in the presence of equimolar sulfuric acid to produce glyphosate in a yield of 90% ~ 95%. There are many oxidation methods for bisparaffin. In addition to hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, precious metal (palladium, rhodium, etc.) oxides can also be used, and activated carbon air oxidation or electrolysis can also be used. For example, 10 parts of diglyphosate, 170 parts of water and 0.6 parts of 5% palladium-activated carbon catalyst are placed in an autoclave, oxygen is passed to 2.07 × 105Pa, and the catalyst is prepared by reaction at 90~100 ℃. 96% yield and 97% purity. There are two production methods from major categories, namely, the production method using iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as raw material and the production method using glycine-dialkyl phosphite as raw material. The production capacity of the glycine-dialkyl phosphite method device is the largest, the largest number of production enterprises, and the production volume accounts for about 80% of the total glyphosate production in the country, reaching 70,000 t; the production capacity of IDA device is nearly 30,000 t. There are four methods for subdivision: 1) self-made (using chloroacetic acid method) IDA. The production process of glyphosate oxidation to glyphosate by concentrated sulfuric acid has developed since the 1980 s. However, due to the large amount of calcium chloride strong acidic wastewater, the yield is low (IDA yield is about 70%), and only aqua can be produced. Its maximum annual output is 2,000 t(10% aqua). In the 1990 s, the production enterprises gradually decreased and the output decreased. 2) The self-produced trimethyl phosphite company uses the production process of trimethyl phosphite to produce glyphosate. This method replaces methanol as the solvent with water, and uses sodium hydroxide instead of triethylamine as the catalyst, which reduces the post-treatment. The yield is about 65%, but because the price of trimethyl ester is higher than that of dimethyl ester, only the cost of self-produced trimethyl ester can have a certain market competitiveness. 3) There are many enterprises that use dimethyl phosphite process to produce glyphosate, and the scale of production equipment is large. In recent years, this process has achieved a series of measures such as optimizing production process conditions, adopting advanced equipment, and automated operating systems. Technological progress, product quality indicators have reached the requirements of the international market, so my country mainly adopts this process. 4) Self-made (using diethanolamine dehydrogenation method) IDA or purchased IDA, using hydrogen peroxide to catalyze the oxidation of diglyphosate to prepare glyphosate. Raw material consumption quota: paraformaldehyde 500kg/t, methanol 500kg/t, glycine 700kg/t, triethylamine 50kg/t, dimethyl phosphite 1000kg/t, hydrochloric acid 3000kg/t. |
category | pesticide |
toxicity classification | poisoning |
acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 4973 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 1568 mg/kg |
flammability hazard characteristics | Combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxides and phosphorus oxide gases |
storage and transportation characteristics | warehouse ventilation and low temperature drying; separate from food raw materials storage and transportation |
fire extinguishing agent | dry powder, foam, sand |
toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |