天然的蔗糖分子都是右旋的,它是一个由D一(+)一葡萄糖和一个D-(-)一果糖所构成。水解后生成的等量葡萄糖和果糖混合物,是左旋的。由于水解使旋光方向发生了转变,一般把蔗糖的水解产物叫做转化糖。纯净的蔗糖为无色单斜楔形结晶或结晶性粉末。相对密度为1. 587,熔点170~186℃(分解),比旋光度为+66.5℃。易溶于水,微溶于乙醇,不溶于乙醚和乙酯乙酯等有机溶剂。
蔗糖在自然界主要存在于甘蔗和甜菜中。甘蔗的含量可达15%~20%,甜菜中蔗糖含量可达10%~17%,其他各种植物果实、种子、叶、花、茎、根中也有不同含量。通常以甘蔗和甜菜根块为原料制取。将甘蔗送入压榨与切碎装置中反复四次碾磨,同时加水稀释。然后,将料液过滤去渣,滤液脱水蒸干形成红糖,继续进行澄清则生产出白糖。料液去渣后体系中还有原糖和非糖物质,使得糖液色泽较深,在蔗糖结晶前须澄清。澄清的方法有①添加石灰。这是最古老的澄清方式。②亚硫酸盐处理。添加石灰和二氧化硫,形成的亚硫酸钙起沉淀作用。③充C02处理。C02和石灰形成碳酸钙起沉淀作用。④离子交换法。澄清后,生成的沉淀从罐底除去,所得废渣压榨后可作饲料。液汁减压脱水,最后控制糖浆过饱和,使蔗糖结晶析出,即为粗糖。粗糖含杂质较多,色泽较差,需先洗糖以除去糖蜜,再加水溶糖后再进行澄清处理,然后过滤脱水,最后真空浓缩,蔗糖结晶析出,精制后的蔗糖含量可以达到99. 8%。
蔗糖是最常用的甜味剂。全世界每年蔗糖的产量与消耗量均在(8000~10000)万吨左右。也可以用作化工原料,如合成蔗糖酯等。
中文名 | 蔗糖 |
英文名 | D(+)-Sucrose |
别名 | 砂糖 蔗糖 白砂糖 蔗糖 溶液 D-(+)-蔗糖, 用于生物化学 Α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基Β-D-呋喃果糖苷 Β-D-呋喃果糖基-Α-D-吡喃葡糖,Α-D-吡喃葡糖基-Β-D-呋喃果糖,D(+)蔗糖,甜菜糖, B-D-呋喃果糖基-A-D-吡喃葡萄苷 |
英文别名 | SUGAR Sucrose SUCROSE SACCHARUM SACCHAROSE D(+)-Sucrose sucrose, pure D-(+)-Sucrose D-(+)-Saccharose SUCROSE SOLUTION SUCROSE STANDARD Erlotinib-d16 HCl SUCROSE CONFECTIONERS Sucrose, protease free Sucrose, MB Grade (1.07654) hex-2-ulofuranosyl hexopyranoside a-D-Glucopyranosyl b-D-fructofuranoside Sucrose, Ultra Pure, Molecular Biology Grade beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside |
CAS | 57-50-1 |
EINECS | 200-334-9 |
化学式 | C12H22O11 |
分子量 | 342.3 |
InChI | InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1 |
InChIKey | CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N |
密度 | 1.5805 |
熔点 | 185-187 °C (lit.) |
沸点 | 397.76°C (rough estimate) |
比旋光度 | 67 º (c=26, in water 25 ºC) |
闪点 | 93.3°C |
水溶性 | 1970 g/L (15 ºC) |
蒸汽压 | 1.79E-22mmHg at 25°C |
溶解度 | H2O: 500mg/ml |
折射率 | 66.5 ° (C=26, H2O) |
酸度系数 | 12.7(at 25℃) |
PH值 | 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) |
存储条件 | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature |
稳定性 | 稳定。可燃。与强氧化剂不相容。被稀酸和转化酶水解。 |
敏感性 | Easily absorbing moisture |
外观 | 固体 |
颜色 | White |
气味 | Odorless |
最大波长(λmax) | ['λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.11', , 'λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.08'] |
Merck | 14,8881 |
BRN | 90825 |
暴露限值 | ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3NIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3 |
物化性质 | 白色结晶性无臭固体,有甜味。相对密度(d425)1.587,熔点170~186℃(分解)。易溶于水,不溶于乙醚。 |
MDL号 | MFCD00006626 |
危险品标志 | Xi - 刺激性物品 |
风险术语 | 36/37/38 - 刺激眼睛、呼吸系统和皮肤。 |
安全术语 | S24/25 - 避免与皮肤和眼睛接触。 S37/39 - 戴适当的手套和护目镜或面具。 S26 - 不慎与眼睛接触后,请立即用大量清水冲洗并征求医生意见。 |
WGK Germany | 2 |
RTECS | WN6500000 |
FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3 |
TSCA | Yes |
海关编号 | 17019910 |
下游产品 | 富马酸 D-果糖 果胶 D-山梨醇 微晶纤维素 酵母提取物 赤霉素 铬鞣剂 盐酸赖氨酸 果胶酶 胃蛋白酶 总叶绿素 叶绿素 B 葡聚糖酶 转化糖 猴茹菌浸膏 甲状腺粉 1, 6-二磷酸果糖钠 赤砂糖 |
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天然的蔗糖分子都是右旋的,它是一个由D一(+)一葡萄糖和一个D-(-)一果糖所构成。水解后生成的等量葡萄糖和果糖混合物,是左旋的。由于水解使旋光方向发生了转变,一般把蔗糖的水解产物叫做转化糖。纯净的蔗糖为无色单斜楔形结晶或结晶性粉末。相对密度为1. 587,熔点170~186℃(分解),比旋光度为+66.5℃。易溶于水,微溶于乙醇,不溶于乙醚和乙酯乙酯等有机溶剂。
蔗糖在自然界主要存在于甘蔗和甜菜中。甘蔗的含量可达15%~20%,甜菜中蔗糖含量可达10%~17%,其他各种植物果实、种子、叶、花、茎、根中也有不同含量。通常以甘蔗和甜菜根块为原料制取。将甘蔗送入压榨与切碎装置中反复四次碾磨,同时加水稀释。然后,将料液过滤去渣,滤液脱水蒸干形成红糖,继续进行澄清则生产出白糖。料液去渣后体系中还有原糖和非糖物质,使得糖液色泽较深,在蔗糖结晶前须澄清。澄清的方法有①添加石灰。这是最古老的澄清方式。②亚硫酸盐处理。添加石灰和二氧化硫,形成的亚硫酸钙起沉淀作用。③充C02处理。C02和石灰形成碳酸钙起沉淀作用。④离子交换法。澄清后,生成的沉淀从罐底除去,所得废渣压榨后可作饲料。液汁减压脱水,最后控制糖浆过饱和,使蔗糖结晶析出,即为粗糖。粗糖含杂质较多,色泽较差,需先洗糖以除去糖蜜,再加水溶糖后再进行澄清处理,然后过滤脱水,最后真空浓缩,蔗糖结晶析出,精制后的蔗糖含量可以达到99. 8%。
本品为B-D-呋喃果糖基-a-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。
取本品,精密称定,加水溶解并定量稀释制成每lml中约含0.lg的溶液,依法测定(通则0621) ,比旋度为+ 66.3°至+ 67.0°。
蔗糖是最常用的甜味剂。全世界每年蔗糖的产量与消耗量均在(8000~10000)万吨左右。也可以用作化工原料,如合成蔗糖酯等。
取本品5g ,加水5ml溶解后,如显色,与黄色4号标准比色液(通则0901第一法)比较,不得更深。
取本品l.Og ,依法检査(通则0802) , 与标准硫酸钾溶液5.0ml制成的对照液比较,不得更浓(0.05% )。
取本品5.0g,置250ml锥形瓶中,加水25ml溶解后,精密加碱性枸橼酸铜试液25ml与玻璃珠数粒,加热回流使在3分钟内沸腾,从全沸时起,连续沸腾5分钟,迅速冷却至室温(此时应注意勿使瓶中氧化亚铜与空气接触),立即加25%碘化钾溶液15ml,摇匀,随振摇随缓缓加人硫酸溶液(l—5 )25ml,俟二氧化碳停止放出后,立即用硫代硫酸钠滴定液(0.lmol/L )滴定,至近终点时,加淀粉指示液2ml ,继续滴定至蓝色消失,同时做一空白试验;二者消耗硫代硫酸钠滴定液(0.lmol/L )的差数不得过2.0ml(0.10% )。
取本品2.0g,依法检査(通则0841),遗留残渣不得过0.1% 。
取本品l.Og ,加水25ml使溶解,加氨试液lml与草酸铵试液5ml,摇匀,放置1小时,与标准钙溶液(精密称取碳酸钙0.125g,置500ml量瓶中,加水5ml与盐酸0.5ml使溶解,加水至刻度,摇匀。每lml相当于O.lOmg的Ca)5.Oml制成的对照液比较,不得更浓(0.05% )。
取炽灼残渣项下遗留的残渣,依法检査(通则0821第二法),含重金属不得过百万分之五。
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